The Age of Napoleon

1. The Age of Napoleon Ch 11 Sec 3

2. Napoleon Bonaparte • Born 1769 • Island of Corsica • Sent to military school at age 9 • Graduated at 16 • Became lieutenant

3. Military Success • Hero of the Hour • Oct. 1795 • Defended Nat’l Convention from royalist rebels • Savior of French Republic

4. 1796 - Directory appoints to lead French Army against Austria • Crushed Austrian threat to France • Went to Egypt but was defeated by British navy • Kept reports out of press

5. Consul and Emperor • Coup d’Etat – sudden seize of power • 1799 – Directory lost control of political situation in France • Lost confidence of French people

6. Nov. 9, 1799 – Napoleon put in charge of army • Troops drove out members of Nat’l Assembly • Legislature dissolves Directory • Creates three consuls– Napoleon is one • Assumes dictatorial power as first consul

7. Napoleon’s Domestic Policies • 1800 – plebiscite approves new constitution • Vote of the people • Constitution gives all power to Napoleon

8. Peace with the Church • Concordat w/Pope Pius VII (agreement) - 1801 • Gov’t recognized influence of church on society • Rejected church control in nat’l affairs • People that had bought Church lands got to keep them

9. Codification of the Laws • Napoleonic Code (Civil Code) • Uniform set of laws • Eliminated injustice • Equality of all citizens before the law • Right of individual to choose a profession • Religious toleration • Abolition of serfdom

10. A New Bureaucracy • Napoleon establishes order and stability • Supports strong central gov’t, stable economy, and equality in taxation • Didn’t care about rank in society or birth • Set up tax-collecting system and national bank • Promoted sound financial management • Better control of gov’t

11. Created a new aristocracy • Based on meritorious service to the nation • 1808-1814 – created 3200 nobles • 60% were military officers • 40% civil service or state and local officials

12. Reduced gov’t corruption • Dismissed corrupt officials • Established lycees – gov’t-run public schools • Open to male students of all backgrounds • Jobs given based on merit, not family connections

13. Does the image portray Napoleon as a positive or negative person? • How can you tell? What images/colors/symbols lead you to believe this? • Was this created by a person inside or outside of France?

14. Preserver of the Revolution? • Good • Equality before the law • Gov’t careers open to anyone • Bad • Limited liberty • Promoted order and authority over individual rights • Restricted freedom of speech and press • gov’t inspected all manuscripts and mail

17. Napoleon Crowned as Emperor • 1804 – declared himself emperor • Supported by French voters • Crowned himself, instead of pope

18. Building the Empire • 1799 – France at war w/ Russia, GB and Austria • Began signing peace treaties in 1802 • 1803 - GB, Russia, Austria and Sweden form coalition against France • Takes army against coalition • Crushes opposition • Unpredictable • Rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia sign treaties

19. Loss of American Territories • Napoleon sells Louisiana • United States buys in 1803 - $15 million • $211,699,586.02 • Gained $ and punished British enemies

20. 1807-1812 Napoleon is master of Europe • Three major parts of Grand Empire • French Empire • Dependent states • Allied states • French Empire • Enlarged France extending to Rhine River • Also included parts of northern Italy

21. Dependent states • Areas ruled by Napoleon’s relatives • Spain, Holland, Italy, Swiss Republic, Grand Duchy of Warsaw, Confederation of the Rhine • Allied states • Defeated by Napoleon and forced to join fight against GB • Prussia, Austria, Russia

22. French Empire • 1812 – few countries free of Napoleon’s control • GB, Ottoman Empire, Sweden, Portugal • Conquered people feel loyalty to homeland • Huge and unstable empire

24. Spreading the Principles of the Revolution • French ideals spread throughout Grand Empire • Legal equality • Religious toleration • Economic freedom • Destroy old order in inner core and dependent states • Nobility and clergy lose power and privileges

25. British Resistance • Battle of Trafalgar - 1805 • Only battle lost by Napoleon to Coalition • Major naval defeat – British Admiral Horatio Nelson • French fleet destroyed • Assured supremacy of GB on the seas • Forced Napoleon to give up plans of invading GB

26. The Continental System • Nov. 1806 – Napoleon orders blockade of GB • Prevent all trade and communication w/other countries • Continental system • Make continental Europe more self-sufficient • Intended to destroy economy of GB

28. Blockade unsuccessful • Smugglers bring cargo from Britain to Europe • Allies disregarded his orders • New markets in Middle East and Latin America • Britain Blockades France • Stopped neutral ships bound for Europe • Hurts Napoleon more than GB

29. Nationalism • Sense of a unique identity of a group of people • As Napoleon conquered, people became united in their hatred of him • Increased their sense of national identity • Gave them more power

30. Invasion of Russia • 1812 – thirst for power leads to disastrous mistake • Alexander I, czar of Russia, refuses to stop selling grain to GB • Napoleon and Alexander suspect each other of having plans for Poland • Napoleon decides to invade Russia

31. Jun 1812 – Napoleon leads Grand Army into Russia • Many troops were not French • Feel little loyalty • Scorched-Earth Policy • Russian army retreats toward Moscow • Burn crops and land so French cannot live off land • Soldiers desert French army

33. Sept. 7, 1812 – Battle of Borodino • Battle swings between both sides • Russia eventually retreats and Napoleon takes Moscow • Alexander torches Moscow so Napoleon couldn’t have it • Napoleon stays for 5 weeks

34. October – Napoleon orders return to France • Begins the retreat with 100,000 • Snow fall begins in November and soldiers freeze • Napoleon returns to France in January 1813 w/40,000 troops

35. The Final Defeat • Coalition Defeats Napoleon • Fights Coalition of GB, Russia, Prussia, and Sweden • Napoleon raises another army in a few months • Untrained soldiers • Battle of Lepzig – Oct. 1813 – army severely beaten • Empire Crumbles • Jan 1814 – Prussians, Russians, and Austrians march on Paris • March – Czar Alexander I and Frederick William III of Prussia march through Paris

36. April 1814 – Napoleon gives up throne • Exiled to Elba – island off coast of Italy

37. The Hundred Days • Louis XVIII takes thrown • Brother of Louis XVI • Unpopular among peasants • Suspected of wanting to undo reforms of revolution • Napoleon escapes from Elba • Thousands welcome him in Paris • Volunteers join his army • Napoleon regains position as emperor

38. Battle of Waterloo – June 18, 1815 • British army defeats Napoleon • Prussian army helped

39. Ends Hundred Days • Napoleon’s second reign as Emperor • Napoleon exiled to St. Helena • island in Atlantic Ocean • Dies after 6 years • 1821 at age of 53

41. Congress of Vienna Convenes Ch. 12 Sec 2

42. After defeat of Napoleon • Goal of new European order • Collective security and stability for entire continent • Congress of Vienna • Series of meetings in Vienna to set up policies to achieve this goal

43. Metternich Restores Stability • “Five Great Powers” • Prussia, Russia, Austria • represented by rulers • GB, France • represented by foreign ministers • Klemens von Metternich • Foreign minister of Austria

44. Three Goals of Metternich • Prevent future French aggression by surrounding France with strong countries • Restore balance of power so that no country would be threat • Restore Europe’s royal families to thrones held before Napoleon – legitimacy

45. Containment of France • Congress makes weak countries around France stronger • Allow countries of Europe to contain France

47. Balance of Power • Leaders of Europe don’t want to go too far • Too severe – France may take revenge • Break up France – another country might become too strong • Easy on French • Give up all territories Napoleon took • France remains intact • Keeps overseas possessions, army, and independent gov’t

48. Conservatism • Based on tradition and belief in value of social stability • Obedience to public authority • Relied heavily on influence of religion • Hated revolutions • Unwilling to accept demands of people • Want individual rights or representative government

49. Principle of Intervention • Great powers of Europe had right to send armies into other countries • Restore legitimate monarchs to their thrones • GB refuses this • Doesn’t think great powers should interfere in other nations internal affairs

50. Legitimacy • Powers affirm principle of legitimacy • Agreement that as many as possible of the rulers Napoleon had driven out be restored • France – Louis XVIII given throne • Bourbon rulers of Spain and Kingdom of Two Sicilies • Former rulers of the German States