Marine Pollution

1. Marine Pollution

2. Marine pollution threatens resources • Even into the mid-20th century, coastal U.S. cities dumped trash and untreated sewage along their shores • Oil, plastic, chemicals, excess nutrients make their way from land into oceans • Raw sewage and trash from cruise ships • Abandoned fishing gear from fishing boats In 2006, 359,000 Ocean Conservancy volunteers from 66 nations picked up 3.2 million kg (7 million lbs.) of trash

3. Nets and plastic debris endangers marine life • Plastic items dumped into the sea harm or kill wildlife • Plastic is non-biodegradable • Drifts for decades • Washes up on beaches • Wildlife eat it or get entangled and die • Marine debris affects people • Equipment damage • The 2006 Marine Debris Research, Prevention and Reduction Act

4. Oil pollution comes from spills of all sizes • Major oils spills (i.e., the Exxon Valdez) make headlines and cause serious environmental problems • Most pollution comes from small sources • Boat leakage and runoff from land • Naturally occurring leaks from the seabed • Oil spills coat and poison wildlife

5. Toxic pollutants contaminate seafood • Mercury contamination - From coal combustion and other sources • Bioaccumulates and biomagnifies • Dangerous to young children and pregnant or nursing mothers • Avoid eating swordfish, shark, and albacore tuna • Eat seafood low in mercury (catfish, salmon, canned light tuna) • Avoid seafood from areas where health advisories have been issued

6. Excess nutrients cause algal blooms • Harmful algal blooms = nutrients increase populations of algae that produce powerful toxins • Red tide = algal species produce reddish pigments that discolor water • Illness and death to wildlife and humans • Economic losses to fishing industries and beach tourism • Reduce runoff and prevent consumption of affected organisms

7. Emptying the oceans • We are placing unprecedented pressure on marine resources • Half the world’s marine fish populations are fully exploited • 25% of fish population are overexploited and heading to extinction • Total fisheries catch leveled off after 1998, despite increased fishing effort • It is predicted that populations of all ocean species we fish for today will collapse by the year 2048

8. The total global fisheries catch has increased

9. Fishing practices kill nontarget animals • By-catch = the accidental capture of animals • Driftnetting drowns dolphins, turtles, and seals • Fish die from air exposure on deck • Banned or restricted by many nations • Longline fishing kills turtles, sharks, and albatrosses • 300,000 seabirds die each year • Bottom-trawling destroys communities • Likened to clear-cutting and strip mining

10. Modern fishing fleets deplete marine life rapidly • Grand Banks cod have been fished for centuries • Catches more than doubled with immense industrial trawlers • Record-high catches lasted only 10 years

11. We can protect areas in the ocean • Marine protected areas (MPAs) = established along the coastlines of developed countries • Still allow fishing or other extractive activities • Marine reserves = areas where fishing is prohibited • Leave ecosystems intact, without human interference • Improve fisheries, because young fish will disperse into surrounding areas • Many commercial, recreation fishers, and businesses do not support reserves

12. Conclusion • Oceans cover most of our planet and contain diverse topography and ecosystems • We are learning about the oceans and coastal environments, intensifying our use their resources and causing severe impacts • Setting aside protected areas of the ocean can serve to maintain natural systems and enhance fisheries • We may once again attain the ecological systems that once flourished in our waters