Network Centric Warfare, Cyber Warfare, & KSCO

1. Network Centric Warfare, Cyber Warfare, & KSCO Nort Fowler AFRL/IF 26 Electronic parkway, Rome NY 13441 Email: fowlern@rl.af.mil Tel: (315) 330-4512

2. Network Centric Enterprise Infostructure Sensor Netting Data Fusion Information Management Vastly Improved Awareness Shared Awareness Virtual Collaboration Virtual Organizations Substitution of Info for People and Material Self-Synchronization Increased Tempo Increased Responsiveness Lower Risks Lower Costs Higher Profits The Entry Fee Enabler Process for generating awareness Enabler Process for exploiting awareness The Bottom Line (Measurable) Results From Alberts, Garstka, & Stein, Network Centric Warfare: Developing & Leveraging Information Superiority, 2nd edition, Washington, DC, CCRP Press, 1999 www.dodccrp.org/publicat.htm

3. Military as a Network Centric Enterprise Infostructure Sensor Netting Data Fusion Information Management Vastly Improved Awareness Shared Battlespace Awareness Virtual Collaboration Virtual Organizations Substitution of Info for People and Material Self-Synchronization Forces Increased Operations Tempo Increased Responsiveness Lower Risks Lower Costs Increased Combat Effectiveness Battlespace Awareness & Knowledge Execution (Measurable) From Alberts, Garstka, & Stein, Network Centric Warfare: Developing & Leveraging Information Superiority, 2nd edition, Washington, DC, CCRP Press, 1999 www.dodccrp.org/publicat.htm

4. Network Organizational Models Standard Hierarchy Chain Network Hub & Spoke All-Channel • Nodes: The actors, or points on a network. A node can form connections with any and all other nodes on the network • Centrality: The degree to which a node connects other nodes • Boundary spanners: Nodes that have connections between groups • Self-synchronization: The ability of low-level groups to coordinate and act without going through a central authority • Swarming: The act of attacking a target from many different directions, using many different means, often making a force appear larger than it is From Friel, Hierarchies andNetworks , Government Executive, April, 2002

5. Key Observations • The World has become a network of networks, filled with actors who behave in increasingly interconnected ways and with wide-reaching and rapid consequences • One major component of a network centric enterprise is speed…. The payoff is in the initial very high rate of change • A Northern Alliance commander suggested bombing Taliban positions. Nineteen minutes later the positions were struck • The critical functions of a network centric enterprise are NOT tied to any one platform; multiple new pathways to delivering capabilities, shifting in time • The swarming technique requires a key feature of networks -- adaptability • Swarming behavior visible in the war on terrorism

6. One Vision of Future Cyber Warfare • Two competing all-channel network “organizations” dueling in Cyberspace. • Each of these “organizations” might have many multiple ways they can deliver fatal blows • No longer "platform centric", their lethality is now multi-threaded • Multiple pathways imply that no single asset is on the critical path • The number of network pathways is growing exponentially. • Cyberwar might involve identifying and managing the network means of delivery in such a way that the adversary never has a lethal combination of delivery mechanisms for massed effects. • Once the adversary achieves just one such combination, the swarming strike will come at the speed of electrons. • A large scale, fast paced, distributed, deadly game of Cyber chess with missing or unknown pieces (capabilities, vulnerabilities).

7. Active Defense in Cyberspace Future Cyberwars will be fought to defend / destroy, not just the individual assets of the computer network, but the future combat capabilities achieved through a networked force

8. Cyber Warfare Model vs. Classical Warfare Model Kinetic Warfare Cyber Warfare Characteristics: Aerospace Vehicle: UCAV Flight Medium: Air & Space Weapons: Missiles & Bombs Desired “Effect”: Destroy Target Control: Flight Path LPI: Stealth (Physical) LPD: Terrain Masking Homebase: Predetermined Airfield Logistics: Heavy, Continual Characteristics: Cyberspace Vehicle: Info-Craft Flight Medium: Cyberspace Weapons: Virus, Worm, Soft Bombs, etc Desired “Effect”: Destroy, Degrade, Co-opt Control: Network Links LPI: Stealth (Software) LPD: Network Masking Homebase: Any Cyberspace Portal Logistics: Light, Infrequent (software) Net Result or “Effect” Can be Exactly the Same – Impede the Enemy

9. Objective Focus effort to achieve objective Economy of Force Minimize use of capacity in pursuit of non-objective goals Security Protecting & maintaining operational LOCs Offensive Seizing & maintaining the offensive in order to dictate the terms of combat Maneuver Constrain enemy COA through environmental & other aspects Surprise The ability to strike the enemy at a time, place or manner for which he is not prepared Mass Concentrating military capabilities at the decisive time & space Unity of Command The ability to build and maintain a shared understanding of the commander’s intent Simplicity Need to keep plans, guidance & orders clear and uncomplicated Principles of War Remain Allied & Coalition Joint

10. Some Possible Future Cyber Weapons Cyber weapons attack and control our adversary’s Information and C3I capabilities through intelligent use of information and controlled effects generated in Cyberspace. Stealthy Agents Network Blocking Mines Traffic Redirection (active & passive) Network Re-mapping Camouflaged Implants Sleeper Agents Adversary Finger Printing & Tracking Cyber Identity Theft Obfuscation (speed/mobility/deception) Tools Tribal Operators Remote Cyber Forensics

11. KSCO Opportunities