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Thursday 23 February 2006

Research Commissioned by the National Children’s Office. Thursday 23 February 2006. Research Questions; What do Irish young people do in their free time? What are the barriers and supports they experience? What are their aspirations with regard to recreation and leisure?. 23-02-2006.

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Thursday 23 February 2006

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  1. Research Commissioned by the National Children’s Office Thursday 23 February 2006

  2. Research Questions; • What do Irish young people do in their free time? • What are the barriers and supports they experience? • What are their aspirations with regard to recreation and leisure? 23-02-2006

  3. Sample • Sampling frame - Dept. of Education and Science, second level schools (2004) • 26 county representation • 51 second level schools; 38 co-ed, 7 all-male, 6 all-female • 2,260 young people aged 12 –18 years • 1125 male, 1134 female • 93% Irish • Survey was administered by one of two researchers in 90% of settings • Focus groups and interviews; young people with additional needs 23-02-2006

  4. General Free-Time Activities • Leisure time activities comprise between 40-50% of a young persons life (Caldwell et al, 1992) • Watching television (94%) and listening to music (88%) are the two most popular free time activities. • Over 93% of young people enjoy hanging out with their friends. The frequency with which young people report ‘hanging around outside’ decreases with age, particularly for females. • Over 55% read everyday or most days, 65% of girls and young women versus 45% of boys and young men. This trend is reversed for computer games. 23-02-2006

  5. Hobbies • Over two-thirds of young people have one or more hobbies • Young people from higher socio-economic backgrounds report more hobbies. • Girls and young women (72%) are more likely to be involved in hobbies than boys and young men (59%). • Participation in hobbies decreases with age from 12-18 years 23-02-2006

  6. Total n=1475 Male n=660 Female n=815 1 Play musical instrument 30.7% n=454 Play musical instrument 28.7% n=190 Dance 34.9% n=285 2 Pets 21.5% n=318 Pets 19.2% n=127 Play musical instrument 32.3% n=264 3 Art 21.4% n=317 Pool/Snooker 16.5% n=109 Art 26.9% n=220 4 Dance 20.3% n=300 Technology 15% n=99 Pets 23.8% n=191 5 Cooking 10.4% n=148 Art 14% n=97 Cooking 16% n=131 Most Popular Hobbies by Gender 23-02-2006

  7. Community/Charity Groups • One third of young people are members of one or more groups • Girls and young women (39%) report greater participation in community/charity groups than boys and young men (26%) • Those in rural schools (40%) are more likely to participate in groups than those in city schools (27%) • There is a drop in participation in community/charity groups from 12-18 years 23-02-2006

  8. Total n=728 Male n=291 Female n=437 1 Youth Clubs/Groups 58.7% n=428 Youth Clubs/Groups 68% n=198 Youth Clubs/Groups 52.6 % n=230 2 Choir/Folk Group 25.9% n=189 Scouts/Guides 11.3% n=33 Choir/Folk Group 37.5% n=164 3 Voluntary Work 11.2% n=82 Voluntary Work 9.2% n=28 Voluntary Work 12.3% n=54 4 Scouts/Guides 10.3% n=75 Choir/Folk Group 8.5% n=25 Scouts/Guides 9.6% n=42 Most Popular Groups by Gender 23-02-2006

  9. Sports • 88% of young people play at least one sport competitively or recreationally • Participation in sport declines with age, 96% at age 12 compared to 77% at age 18 • The decline is marked with girls and young women from 98% at age 12 to 68% at age 18. • The most popular sports for boys and young men are soccer (70%), Gaelic football (56%) and hurling (30%). • The most popular sports for girls and young women are basketball (38%), Gaelic football (36%) and swimming (33%). 23-02-2006

  10. Team Sports by Gender 23-02-2006

  11. Individual Sports by Gender 23-02-2006

  12. 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Male 1st Soccer 68% Soccer 69% Soccer 56% Soccer 59% Soccer 69% Soccer 66% Gaelic Football 73% 2nd Gaelic Football 64% Gaelic Football 67% Gaelic Football 52% Gaelic Football 38% Gaelic Football 49% Gaelic Football 58% Soccer 70% 3rd Hurling 39% Hurling 29% Hurling 28% Hurling 26% Hurling 27% Hurling 25% Hurling 30% 4th Rugby 16% Cycling 14% Swimming 17% Rugby 16% Basketball 18% Basketball 20% Rugby 21% 5th Basketball 14% Basketball 13% Cycling 15% Basketball 16% Rugby 13% Swimming 14% Basketball 12% Female 1st Swimming 44% Gaelic Football 41% Basketball 49% Basketball 43% Gaelic Football 35% Gaelic Football 36% Basketball 47% 2nd Basketball 41% Basketball 41% Gaelic Football 41% Gaelic Football 35% Basketball 35% Swimming 33% Gaelic Football 37% 3rd Gaelic Football 34% Soccer 34% Swimming 35% Soccer 32% Swimming 30% Basketball 29% Swimming 37% 4th Soccer 33% Swimming 33% Soccer 31% Swimming 31% Soccer 23% Soccer 17% Camogie 23% 5th Camogie 22% Camogie 17% Camogie 24% Hockey 29% Camogie 18% Camogie 16% Tennis 23% Most Popular Sports by Age and Gender 23-02-2006

  13. Frequency of Participation in Sport Male Female 23-02-2006

  14. Adult male 12-18 male Adult female 12-18 female 1st Golf 17% Soccer 70% Swimming 17% Basketball 38% 2nd Soccer 13% Gaelic Football 56% Aerobics/ keep fit 10% Gaelic Football 36% 3rd Swimming 12% Hurling 30% Cycling 3% Swimming 33% 4th Gaelic football 8%% Basketball 15% Golf 3% Soccer 27% 5th Billiards/ snooker 6% Swimming 14% Tennis 3% Camogie 19% Comparison of Adolescent & Adult Most Popular Sports (excl. walking) Adult data from Fahey et al (2004) 23-02-2006

  15. TYPES OF BARRIERS & SUPPORTS • STRUCTURAL • Finance • Transport • Facilities • Time • Provision/ • Programming • Weather • INTRAPERSONAL • Self esteem • Shyness • Self competence • Beliefs • Values • INTERPERSONAL • Relationships with • - parents • - peers • - coaches • - leaders • Availability of leisure partners 23-02-2006

  16. Barriers and Supports Intrapersonal Constraints Interpersonal Constraints Structural Constraints Interpersonal Compatibility & Coordination Participation (or non-participation) Leisure Preferences Ref: Crawford et al. (1991, p312) 23-02-2006

  17. Intrapersonal Barriers and Supports: • In general Irish young people are well motivated to engage in positive leisure time use. • Over three quarters enjoy competition, particularly boys and young men • Only just over half of girls and young women and three quarters of boys and young men are happy with the way they look • There are approximately 6% of young people who lack motivation to engage in positive leisure time use. 23-02-2006

  18. The Free Time Motivation Scale Baldwin & Caldwell (2003) Self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000) social factors  psychological  motivation  behavioural mediators types consequences Intrinsic motivation  Extrinsic motivation  Amotivation 23-02-2006

  19. Interpersonal Barriers and Supports: • Irish young people report high levels of parental support for their leisure choices. • Mixed response to a preference for leader led activities. • Boys in the 12-15 year old age group are least likely to enjoy mixed sex leisure activities. 23-02-2006

  20. Structural Barriers and Supports: • A majority of young people believe that that there is very little leisure provision in their area. This is much more likely to be true of rural (68%) than urban (46%) dwellers. • Time, as a barrier to participation in leisure activities increases dramatically from 31% at age twelve to 71% at eighteen. 23-02-2006

  21. Structural Barriers and Supports: • There is a significant gender difference in the amount of time spent doing homework and studying. • Approaching half (43%) of girls agree that most of their free time is spent doing homework and studying compared to fewer than one third (29%) of boys. • Over one third of young people work part time weekly or more often. Older adolescents, boys and young men and those from lower SES backgrounds are more likely to work part time. 23-02-2006

  22. Structural Barriers and Supports: • One in three young people, especially those in rural areas, experience difficulties with transport to and from leisure. • One in seven young people does not feel safe going to and from activities in the evening. This sub-group are most likely to be female and urban dwellers. • Young people identified a range of barriers relating to specific activities (see Table 8). • The profile of barriers varied across activities. 23-02-2006

  23. Reasons for Drop-Out of Leisure Activities • Loss of interest is by far the most common reason cited for drop-out. • Other reasons for drop-out are a lack of time, not liking the leader and not having good enough skills. • The profile of reasons for drop-out differs from activity to activity. 23-02-2006

  24. Dance Gaelic Football Soccer Youth Club Scouts/ Guides Swimming Lost interest 57% 44% 50% 60% 68% 36% Didn’t like the leader 31% 29% 29% 17% 39% 16% Skill level not good enough 14% 32% 27% 7% 6% 17% Friends dropped out 18% 8% 9% 34% 29% 16% No way to get there 9% 13% 11% 14% 5% 24% Didn’t like the rules 10% 8% 9% 16% 17% 6% Felt I was too old 13% 2% 6% 2% 29% 10% Cost too much 11% 2% 6% 9% 7% 10% Reasons for Drop-Out by Activity 23-02-2006

  25. Aspirations with Regard to Leisure • Three quarters expressed a desire to join a new leisure activity. 75 different activities were cited, 65% of these were sports. • Dance, drama and swimming are the three most common activities that girls would like to join. For boys the top three activities are soccer, rugby and boxing. 23-02-2006

  26. Soccer Dance Rugby Boxing Swimming Gaelic Football Drama Not located nearby 36% 43% 50% 43% 52% 21% 42% Didn’t know anyone else 22% 40% 26% 30% 36% 24% 34% No transport 36% 30% 36% 26% 40% 18% 25% Didn’t know how to join 10% 33% 22% 27% 19% 18% 27% Skill level not good enough 23% 14% 13% 8% 18% 28% 17% Cost too much 8% 23% 3% 6% 8% 4% 26% Parents didn’t approve 5% 3% 13% 25% 0% 7% 6% Barriers to Joining by Activity 23-02-2006

  27. Young People with Additional Needs: • Self-confidence is an issue for young people who leave school early. • Being barred is an issue for young members of the Traveller Community and for early school leavers. • Young people with sensory impairments often have dispersed friendship groups due to attending school in Dublin. • Parental over-protectiveness is an issue for young people with physical and learning disabilities. • Young people with additional needs experience more structural barriers than others. 23-02-2006

  28. Recommendations for Future Research in Ireland • Action research in provision of leisure interests identified in the study • Low motivation for leisure participation in Irish youth. • The prevalence and experience of ‘being barred’ in Irish youth. • Body image, self-concept and self-esteem and leisure participation. • Physical education; its role in enhancing physical activity in adulthood. • Young people leading young people in leisure activities. • Local needs analyses to determine the leisure preferences of young people. 23-02-2006

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