School and Achievement

1. School and Achievement Schools Achievement Careers, Work, and Retirement

2. Schools Contemporary Approaches to Student Learning and Assessment • Constructivist Approach: (Piaget) • Emphasizes child’s active construction of knowledge and understanding • Teacher provides support for students exploring their world and developing knowledge. • Social constructivist approaches: (Vygotsky) • Focuses on collaboration with others to produce knowledge and understanding. • Direct Instruction Approach: • Teacher-centered approach characterized by direction and control, mastery of academic material, maximum time spend on learning tasks, and high expectations of progress.

3. Schools Accountability in Schools No Child Left Behind: • Single score being used as sole predictor • Teaching to test; use of memorization • Tests don’t measure important skills like creativity and social skills

4. Schools Schools and Developmental Status • The child-centered kindergarten: • Emphasizes the whole child, physical, cognitive, socioemotionaldevelopment • Needs, interests, and learning style • Emphasizes learning process • Montessori approach: • Teacher is facilitator • Children encouraged to be early decision makers • Fosters independence and cognitive development skills • De-emphasizes verbal interactions

5. Schools High School • Concerns about education and students: • Graduate with inadequate skills • Enter college needing remediation classes

6. 40 35 30 25 Percent of 16- to 24-year-olds who havedropped out of school 20 15 10 5 0 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 Year Schools Trends in High School Dropout Rates

7. Schools Educating Children with Disabilities • Approximately 10 percent of children in the U.S. receive special education or related services • More than 40% have a learning disability

8. Diversity of Children Who Have A Disability

9. Schools Learning Disabilities • Learning disabilitycharacteristics: • A minimum IQ level • A significant difficulty in a school-related area • No other conditions, such as- • severe emotional disorders • second-language background • sensory disabilities • specific neurological deficits

10. Schools Learning Disabilities • Dyslexia • Severe impairment in ability to read and spell. • Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder • Inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity • Definitive causes unknown • Higher risk if a sibling already diagnosed • Medications are most common treatment • Other treatment recommendations vary

11. Schools SES and Ethnicity in Schools • Low-income, ethnic minority children face more difficulties in school • School inequalities- • Schools in poor areas • underfunded • young inexperienced teachers • largely segregated • Inadequate opportunities for effective learning

12. Careers, Work, and Retirement Work in Adolescence • U.S. high school students- • 90% receive high school diplomas • 75% work part-time and attend school • Most work 16-20 hours per week • Most work in service jobs

13. Careers, Work, and Retirement Changing Percentages of Traditional & Dual-Career Couples