Chapter 8 Cold War (1945-1958)

1. Chapter 8Cold War (1945-1958) Section A – Resumption of Civil Aviation Section B – Commercial Aviation Section C – Hot Spots Section D – Rockets, Missiles, and Satellites

2. Cold War “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent of Europe” - Winston Churchill • The Cold War was a rivalry of two superpowers • US vs. USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) • Dropping the A-bombs on Japan was a demonstration of the new weapon and a warning to Stalin. • A Cold War is a conflict short of combat, whose chief weapons were words compiled as porpaganda.

3. Section AResumption of Civil Aviation Surplus aircraft flooded the market worldwide at the end of WW II. Military transports became available from the various combatant nations as soon as the war ended, because many nations demobilized – except the Soviet Union. Airlines in government service during the war, either through nationalization or contractual arrangements, returned to commercial ventures. Customers worldwide bought war-surplus equipment, while others bought the old equipment being replaced by military and commercial operations. Civil aviation boomed.

4. International Aviation Companies were planning the conversion from wartime to peacetime aviation. • Internationally, companies and gov’ts discussed a wide range of options for postwar civil aviation. • Americanization vs. internationalization • Many conferences followed…

5. Chicago Conference In Nov/Dec 1944, the US hosted the International Conference on Civil Aviation. Issues included • Rights of transit and landing, air routes, frequencies, safety, technical matters, and navigation. Of the nations that attended, the Soviet Union did not.

6. Chicago Conference The participants reached agreement on technical matters. • Accepting US standards for • rules • traffic control • communication practices • meteorological services

7. Chicago Conference Two “Freedoms” was readily agreed upon: • Right of Transit – allowed a plane to fly across the territory of a foreign country. • Technical Stop – the right to land for technical, non-traffic, non-commercial reasons, such as refueling or repairs

8. Chicago Conference Britain disagreed with the US’s final three “freedoms” of the air: • The right to load passengers, mail, and cargo in the airline’s country of origin and transport the same to a foreign country. • The right to load a plane in a foreign country and fly to the airline’s country of origin. • The right to transport passengers, mail, or cargo from one foreign country to another foreign country beyond the carrier’s country.

9. Chicago Conference The British feared that Americans could dominate international routes because of our large number of planes and pilots. • The US did have plenty of a/c, but lacked international network of air bases. • The war damaged Britain economy put the US in better position for production and contracts

10. Chicago Conference The Chicago Conference failed to reach multilateral agreements on all Five Freedoms. • 1 & 2 freedoms – The Air Transit Agreement • 3-5 freedoms – The Air Transport Agreement Only 12 agreed to all five, stating fear of US or British dominance. 41 countries accepted the first two.

11. Chicago Conference The Chicago Conference reached an Interim Agreement on International Civil Aviation. • Created PICAO (Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization) in 1945. In 1946, the PICAO adopted the US radio and navigational aid system as the world standard, good for US electronics industry, but disappointed the Brits.

12. ICAO Headquartered in Montreal Purposes: • To ensure safety. • Encourage civil aircraft design. • Encourage the development of airways, airports, and air navigation facilities. • Promote fair, safe, efficient, and economic operation of international airlines. ICAO saw the need to standardization to achieve these purposes.

13. IATA April 1945, after the Chicago Conference, reps from 44 airlines in 25 countries met in Havana and created the International Air Transport Association (IATA). • Focused on air traffic operations • Conferences to set fares.

14. Bermuda Agreement Britain and the US resolved differences at the Chicago Conference. • Britain yielded on the frequency of service US airlines could offer • US yielded on the price of fares Britain conceded more than the US because: • Britain needed a loan • Britain need planes • Britain realized the importance of good relations with US.

15. Infrastructure • The Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) • began its first airport construction program in 1940 • took over airport traffic control in 1941 • and expanded air traffic to airways in 1942

16. Infrastructure Aviation was the number one industry in the US during WW II, but dropped to 12th after the war. The industry needed government help, but funding was being cut. • CAA used the designee program to designate factory employees, aircraft inspectors, and flight instructors. • Introduced the Technical Standard Order (TSO) that allowed manufacturers to certify their own parts.

17. Infrastructure The US agreed to change the existing phonetic alphabet in exchange for the ICAO designating English as the international language of aviation. WW II yielded two main landing systems • GCA (Guided controlled approach) • ILS (Instrument landing system)

18. Infrastructure VOR (Very high frequency Omnidirectional Range system. • Replaced the four-course radio ranges, opposed by AOPA. The Navy, Air Force, and CAA developed: • DME • Approach/Runway lighting

19. General Aviation In 1945 alone, the US awarded licenses to over 250,000 private pilots AOPA tried to argue for more GA airport stating that the ratio of airliner to small plane was 1:100. That didn’t work and allocation of airport funds were set to a ratio of 29 small fields for every 1 airliner.

20. General Aviation • The port war sale of aircraft boomed, but only shortly. • Owning an airplane was still expensive, AOPA objected to new navigational aids because the equipment to be bought by pilots was costly. One field did boom… • agriculture flights or “Crop Dusters”

21. End of Section A

22. Section BCommercial Aviation After WW II, commercial aviation worldwide experienced a substantial boom. Some historians call the increase in passengers and in mile flown a transportation revolution. During the postwar period, the US emerged as the clear leader of international aviation.

23. “BIG FIVE” Airlines American Eastern Pan Am TWA United Smaller Airlines Continental Delta Pennsylvania Central Northeast United States Airlines

24. United States Airlines • Bigger and better planes emerged • Airlines competed for speed, distance, and service. • 25 August 1945, Lockheed first flew the commercial Model 049 Constellation As competition heated up, Pan-Am tried to eliminate competition by cutting fares… but it failed.

25. Airways Crisis • The heavy use of airways by commercial, private, and military planes • By 1955 only • 353 VORs • 167 operational DMEs • A few ASR systems • No enroute RADAR • Controllers relied on scribbled notes on vertical boards

26. Airways Crisis • To promote safety… • controllers spaced airplanes how far apart??? 10 minutes apart!!!! Margin of safety dropped • Boeing 707 set speed records (1st passenger jet) • Douglas built the DC-8 • De Havilland Comet jet entered service.

27. Federal Aviation Agency • 1958 • Congress passes and Pres Eisenhower signs • Federal Aviation Act • Creates the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) • Independent department within the Executive Branch of the government • Today • Federal Aviation ADMINISTRATION (FAA) • Under the DOT within the Executive Branch

28. Great Britain Airlines • Great Britain lagged behind the US • They have not produced transport planes during the war. • Britain develops the Comet • 27 January 1949 – 1st place • 2 May 1952 – became the world’s 1st regular passenger jet service. • 6 Comets crash in 1953-1954 • Britain becomes leader in air accident investigation

29. Soviet Union Airlines • After the Comet, the Soviet Tupolev became the second jetliner to go into commercial service • The Tu-104, a derivative of a wartime bomber • 1st flight – 1955 • Entered service with Aeroflot in 1956

30. End of Section B