Beginnings of an American Identity

1. Beginnings of an American Identity

2. The Magna Carta is considered the first document that guaranteed the rights of the average citizen from the King of England. It set the groundwork for English common law and later, the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights. Written in 1215, it stated that the king could not impose his will on any citizen and that “freemen” could not be punished except through law. According to the above passage, what impact does the Magna Carta have on American Government? It set the groundwork for the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights

3. Before 1776, the English colonies in the America asserted to King George that they had the same rights as any Englishman under the Magna Carta. However, King George said they didn’t. What course of action would the English colonies take if King George continues to deny Englishmen their rights guaranteed by the Magna Carta? They would rebel/declare their independence

4. Rule of Limited Law Government Magna Carta 1215 Individual Shared Rights Powers

5. The Great Awakening • In the 1730s and 1740s, a religious movement called the Great Awakening swept through the colonies.

6. Ministers of almost all denominations flocked in from far and near. The meeting was kept up by night and day. Thousands heard of the mighty work, and came on foot, on horseback, in carriages and wagons…From this camp-meeting, the news spread through all the Churches, and through all the land, and it excited great wonder and surprise; but it kindled a religious flame Using the above passage, explain why you believe this religious movement was called, “The Great Awakening?” It excited people and kindled a religious flame

7. Describe the scene portrayed in the above painting. A minister during the Great Awakening is preaching to colonists

8. How does the above image differ from religious services prior to the Great Awakening or services that you may attend today? The service is outside/in the countryside. Each person decides if they want to stand, kneel, or sit

9. The heart of the Great Awakening was this life-changing sense of being “reborn” as a new and better person of faith. The preachers were evangelicals who felt they could trigger this rebirth suddenly, in a flash, rather than over the course of a lifetime. The preachers emphasized personal faith rather than conformity to doctrine. Preachers of the Awakening also taught that the essence of religious experience was a "new birth" inspired by the preaching of the Word of God What type of movement was the Great Awakening? A Religious Movement

10. of the Great Awakening Jonathan Edwards George Whitefield Preachers

11. Most revivalist preachers were “itinerants” who traveled from place to place giving sermons in fields or town squares. Their visits often left people dissatisfied with their own pastors, who were rarely as exciting as the revivalists. Some church leaders, in turn, saw itinerants as a threat to the religious order and even to authority itself. Why would Church Leaders see revivalist preachers (itinerants) as threats? Revivalists preachers were more exciting than traditional church leaders. This led colonists to complain

12. George Whitefield Picture A George Whitefield Picture B Compare the two images above of George Whitefield Picture A: Shows him preaching the word of God Picture B: Shows him preaching with demons whispering in his ear

13. Great Awakening OLD NEW LIGHTS LIGHTS

14. The Great Awakening taught colonial Americans to challenge religious authority. This helped prepare them for the political revolution to come. What event is the above passage referring to when it states that the Great Awakening helped prepare the colonists for the political revolution to come? The American Revolution…declaring independence from Britain

15. The Enlightenment is often called the Age of Reason. Intellectuals believed that if they used the reasoning powers God or nature had given them, they could answer any question. A combination of careful observations and clear-headed reasoning were the two keys to understanding the truth to all things. Using the above passage, what does the Enlightenment ask people to do? Use reasoning to answer any question

16. Image A Image B What major events do the two images above depict? Image A: The Great Awakening Image B: The Enlightenment

17. Image A Image B What evidence in the above images leads you to your previous answers? Image A: People are worshipping Image B: Men conducting an experiment

19. All men are naturally born in a state of perfect freedom. They are equal and independent, and can act how they want to. This state of nature is governed by a law of nature. The law of nature says that no one should harm another person in his natural rights to life, liberty, and property. - John Locke, 1689 What natural rights does John Locke say all men have as a birthright? Life, Liberty, and Property

20. All men are naturally born in a state of perfect freedom. They are equal and independent, and can act how they want to. This state of nature is governed by a law of nature. The law of nature says that no one should harm another person in his natural rights to life, liberty, and property. - John Locke, 1689 What is another name for these natural rights? Unalienable Rights

21. Men agree to enter into society to preserve (keep) their natural rights to life, liberty, and property. Because of this, when the government tries to take away or destroy the life, liberty, or property of the people, the government puts itself in a state of war with the people. At this point, the people do not need to obey the government anymore. - John Locke, 1689 The passage above refers to John Locke’s theory that the government and its people have what between them? Social Contract

22. Men agree to enter into society to preserve (keep) their natural rights to life, liberty, and property. Because of this, when the government tries to take away or destroy the life, liberty, or property of the people, the government puts itself in a state of war with the people. At this point, the people do not need to obey the government anymore. - John Locke, 1689 What does John Locke say the people can do when the government violates the peoples’ unalienable rights? They can disobey the government…declare independence

23. The power of the first (legislative) is to create laws and to amend (change) those that have been already created. The power of the second (executive) is to maintain the public security by enforcing (carrying out) the laws. The power of the third (judicial) is to punish criminals and settle the disputes that arise between individuals. - Charles de Montesquieu, 1777 Legislative Executive Judicial Enforces/Carries out the Laws Interprets the Laws/Punish Criminals Creates/Makes/Amends the Laws

24. There would be no freedom if the same man or the same group of men controlled those three powers at once. This man or group of men would have complete control over all parts of the law. They could create tyrannical laws or enforce them like a tyrant. They could plunder (loot) the country by their general determinations (choices); and could ruin any private citizen by their particular decisions. - Charles de Montesquieu, 1777 In the above passages and diagram, Charles de Montesquieu is supporting what future principle of the U.S. Constitution (1787)? Separation of Powers

25. There would be no freedom if the same man or the same group of men controlled those three powers at once. This man or group of men would have complete control over all parts of the law. They could create tyrannical laws or enforce them like a tyrant. They could plunder (loot) the country by their general determinations (choices); and could ruin any private citizen by their particular decisions. - Charles de Montesquieu, 1777 According to Montesquieu, what happens when one group or individual controls all three of these powers? Is this a good thing or a bad thing? They become like tyrants…this is a bad thing

26. Parliament and other Colonial Government • English colonists in America believed they had the right to have a say in the laws governing them • They formed their own elected assemblies • Although the colonists governed themselves in some ways, England still had authority over them • Parliament had no representatives from the colonies

27. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut- 1639 House of burgesses - 1619 Magna Carta - 1215 Parliament Mayflower Compact 1620 English Bill of Rights - 1689

28. How does the above image impact the Colonists’ beliefs in representative government? These early forms of representative government paved the way for their desire for independence and ultimately the writing of the Constitution

29. Why would the early colonists need to form their own governments if they were still under British rule? England was 3000 miles away and unable to directly rule the colonies

30. Salutary Neglect was Britain’s hands off Policy in the 13 colonies which allowed the colonists to flout, or violate, the laws associated with trade. There were no effective enforcement agencies and it was expensive to send British troops to America. The British policy of Salutary Neglect benefited the colonists boosting their profits from trade. REASON 1 for Salutary Neglect REASON 2 for Salutary Neglect No effective enforcement agencies Too expensive to send troops to America SALUTARY NEGLECT

31. REASON 2 for Salutary Neglect REASON 1 for Salutary Neglect Too expensive to send troops to America No effective enforcement agencies SALUTARY NEGLECT What begins to develop within the colonists as England’s hands off policy continues throughout the 1600s and into the 1760s? The Colonists’ independence

32. REASON 2 for Salutary Neglect REASON 1 for Salutary Neglect Too expensive to send troops to America No effective enforcement agencies SALUTARY NEGLECT What is the danger, for England, of the result of Salutary Neglect? The colonists will become independent in their actions. It will be harder for England to regain control

33. The Wealth of Nations carries the important message of laissez faire, which means that the government should intervene as little as possible in economic affairs and leave the market to its own devices. It advocates the liberation of economic production from all limiting regulation in order to benefit the people. Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations According to the above passage written by Adam Smith, what is his argument about the role of government in economics? He argues that the government should not interfere in economic affairs

34. If any trade, item, or object is beneficial (helpful) to the public, free and more general (widespread) competition will always make it more so (beneficial). It is a characteristic of man that no item or object is produced to his liking. He finds that there is need for improvement in everything. Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations According to the above passage written by Adam Smith, why is competition a good thing? Competition encourages improvements in a product

35. According to the image, what are the pillars of Capitalism? Private Enterprise Competition Private Property Profit Motive Consumer Sovereignty

36. In 1688, King James II disregarded Parliament and tried to restore Catholicism. When James' second wife gave birth to a son in June, 1688, the nation suddenly faced the prospect of a long Catholic dynasty. As a result, William and Mary (James’ daughter) were invited to claim the throne. William invaded England in November. James' army deserted him, and he fled to France. William and Mary were crowned in 1689. Among the results of the Glorious Revolution was the enactment of the English Bill of Rights, which limited the power of the monarchy and made Parliament supreme. Using the passage and images above, put a check mark next to whomever ruled England and an X through whomever was forced out as a result of the Glorious Revolution

37. Using the passage and images above, put a check mark next to whomever ruled England and an X through whomever was forced out as a result of the Glorious Revolution King James II Queen Mary King William

38. In 1688, King James II disregarded Parliament and tried to restore Catholicism. When James' second wife gave birth to a son in June, 1688, the nation suddenly faced the prospect of a long Catholic dynasty. As a result, William and Mary (James’ daughter) were invited to claim the throne. William invaded England in November. James' army deserted him, and he fled to France. William and Mary were crowned in 1689. Among the results of the Glorious Revolution was the enactment of the English Bill of Rights, which limited the power of the monarchy and made Parliament supreme. Using the passage from the top of the page, what were 2 other results of the Glorious Revolution aside from determining who would rule England? 1. Enactment of the English Bill of Rights 2. Monarchy’s power was limited 3. Parliament made supreme

39. Identify the following in the above political cartoon… Parliament Group on the left: King Person on the right:

40. What is the significance of the above political cartoon? Before the Glorious Revolution, the King had more power than Parliament. After the Glorious Revolution, Parliament is stronger than the king

42. It is ordered that the sheriff for the City of New York do forthwith take and apprehend John Peter Zenger for printing and publishing several seditious libels dispersed throughout his journals or newspapers, entitled The New York Weekly Journal; as having in them many things tending to raise factions and tumults (disorder) among the people of his Province, inflaming their minds with contempt of His Majesty’s government, and greatly disturbing the peace thereof. According to the passage above, paraphrase why John Peter Zenger was arrested in 1734? He was criticizing the government/King

43. Which part(s) of the first Amendment were inspired by the Zenger trial? Freedom of Press Freedom of Speech