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Human Health and Environmental Toxicology

Human Health and Environmental Toxicology. Human Health. 2 indicators of human health Life expectancy - how long people are expected to live Infant mortality - how many children die before age of 1 year. Highly Developed Countries. Health is generally good in these countries

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Human Health and Environmental Toxicology

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  1. Human Health and Environmental Toxicology

  2. Human Health 2 indicators of human health Life expectancy - how long people are expected to live Infant mortality - how many children die before age of 1 year

  3. Highly Developed Countries Health is generally good in these countries Average life expectancy Men = 76 years Women = 81 years Leading causes of death in US Cardiovascular disease, Cancer, Lung Disease Premature deaths caused by lifestyle Poor diet, Lack of exercise, Smoking, Obesity

  4. Developing Countries Biggest problems Malnutrition, unsafe water, poor sanitation Life Expectancy ~65 years, can be 45yrs Childhood mortality is high Diarrheal diseases Malnutrition Malaria AIDS/HIV

  5. Emerging and Reemerging Diseases Emerging Disease - not previously observed in humans Ex: AIDS, lime disease, West Nile Virus Reemerging Disease - existed in the past and are recently increasing in incidence Ex: tuberculosis, yellow fever, malaria

  6. Reasons for Emergence/Reemergence Evolution of disease so it transitions to human host Evolution of antibiotic resistance in disease Urbanization and overcrowding Increased pop. of elderly - susceptible to disease Pollution and environmental degradation International travel and commerce Poverty and social inequality

  7. Environmental Pollution and Disease

  8. Persistence Chemicals that are extremely stable and may take many years to be broken down by natural processes Synthetic chemicals Ex: DDT

  9. Bioaccumulation The buildup of a persistent toxic substance in an organism’s body, often in fatty tissues

  10. Biomagnification The increased concentration of toxic chemicals in tissues of organisms at higher levels in food webs

  11. Endocrine Disrupters A chemical that mimics or interferes with the actions of the endocrine system Ex: PCBs, Dioxins Heavy metals - lead and mercury DDT BPA Parabens Phthalates?

  12. Endocrine Disrupters Case Study: 1980 chemical spill into Lake Apopka, FL http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0hP6eu-87Wk

  13. Toxicology Acute toxicity Adverse effects occur within a short period after exposure to toxin Chronic toxicity Adverse effects occur some time after exposure, or after prolonged exposure to toxin

  14. Toxicity LD50 Lethal dose to 50% of the test organisms

  15. Toxicity ED50 Effective dose causes 50% of the pop. to exhibit whatever effect is under study

  16. Children more susceptible to chemicals Weigh less than adults Bodies are still developing Play on floors and lawns Put things into their mouths http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kpwu8DOmzoU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ognIAmUu-HU&feature=related Children and Chemical Exposure

  17. Chemical Mixtures Chemical Mixtures interact by: Additivity Synergy Antagonism

  18. Ecotoxicology Dilution Paradigm is not valid “Dilution is the solution to pollution” Boomerang Paradigm is accepted “What you throw away can come back and hurt you”

  19. Case Study: The Ocean Land based nutrient and pollution runoff into ocean is affecting microorganisms Ex: Red Tide

  20. Risk Assessment

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