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Islamic Civilization. Islam=name of the religion Muslim=someone who practices Islam. The Arabian Peninsula. Very harsh desert environment. Very little water The people there become very fierce as they compete for scarce resources like water. Villages grow.
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Islamic Civilization Islam=name of the religion Muslim=someone who practices Islam
The Arabian Peninsula • Very harsh desert environment. Very little water • The people there become very fierce as they compete for scarce resources like water
Villages grow • Villages grow up around an oasis- places where water naturally comes up out of the ground • Villages along trade routes between Africa, Asia, and Europe grow and prosper
Arabs • Most people there are nomadic shepherds called Bedouins • Bedouins are polytheistic • Bedouin people are often called Arabs, especially after they cease being nomadic
Ishmael • According to legend, the ancestor of the Arabs is Ismael, Abraham’s illegitimate son by his wife’s slave • Arabs therefore claim the same origins as the Hebrews
Muhammad (Mohammed, Muhammad) • Muhammad is born into this harsh Arab/Bedouin culture around 570 AD. • He is born in Mecca and becomes a wealthy merchant • He is famous for being a wise man and very spiritual
Gabriel visits Muhammad • One day Muhammad is visited by the angel Gabriel who tells him that Muhammad is to be God’s prophet • Gabriel recites the Qur’an (Koran) to Muhammad to memorize since Muhammad is illiterate
Islam’s prophets • Muslims believe that Muhammad is the last prophet, but not the only one. • Previous prophets include all the Jewish and Christian prophets – like Moses and even Jesus (they do not believe he is God’s son)
Koran (Qur’an) • The Qur’an is Islam’s holy book. It is word-for-word, the words Gabriel told Muhammad to learn • Also is a book of the prophet Muhammad’s sayings called the Hadith and a book detailing his actions called the Sunnah. • Together, these books are the guiding documents for Muslims • BTW, the Qur’an is written in Arabic, and many Muslims believe to truly understand it, you must read it in Arabic
Islam • Means “submission” (to God) • People who practice Islam are called Muslims, which means “one who submits” (to God)
Five Pillars • Muslims believe in five core duties as written in the Qur’an
“People of the Book” • Christianity and Judaism are viewed as a pre-cursor to Islam • They are allowed to practice their faith because of this, though they are encouraged to convert to Islam • If they do not convert, they must pay a tax (jizyah “tribute”)
Muslims persecuted • The small Muslim movement is persecuted from Mecca and forced to flee 200 miles to the village of Medina (hijira) • In the year 630, Muhammad returned to Mecca and took the city. • He spared the people there, establishing a pattern of treating conquered people with tolerance
Islam spreads • Islam quickly spread throughout the Arabian Peninsula • Get out your maps • Label the colored section “Islam during Muhammad’s life”
Muhammad dies • Muhammad died in 632 AD • In his farewell speech, he warned the Muslim community against returning to pre-Islamic practices • However, he did not give instructions for who should succeed him as leader Masjid-Al-Nabawi – Tomb of the Prophet
Jerusalem • Among the lands the Muslims conquer are parts of the Byzantine Empire- like Jersualem • Jerusalem is the holiest city in Judaism and Christianity • The oldest and possibly best know mosque in the world is the Dome of the Rock. They built it on the same hill as the King Solomon’s Temple- the holiest Jewish site.
Battle of Tours • 732 AD a Muslim army comprised of Moors from North Africa invaded France • They were stopped at the Battle of Tours by a Frankish general named Charles (later Charles Martel) • The battle is seen as preserving Christianity in Europe
Caliphs • Muhammad’s successors, called caliphs,were elected • They worked to expand Islam through conquering new territories
Islam Continues to Spread • Under Muhammad’s successors, Islam continued to spread, eventually including all the land from Spain to the Indus River, and even further east to China and Indonesia • On your map, label this section “Extent of Islam”
Ali • Ali, was Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law. He became caliph, but was assassinated.
Umayyad Caliphate • After the first 4 caliphs, the Umayyad Caliphate became the dominant force in Islam • The Umayyad's moved the capital to Damascus (modern Syria) and began to act more like European (Byzantine) rulers Umayyad Mosque (Great Mosque of Damascus)
Hussein • There were some Muslims who believed the Umayyad’s were corrupting Islam • One of those was Ali’s son (Muhammad’s grandson), Hussein • He refused to pay allegiance to the Umayyad. • At the Battle of Karbala, Hussein was beheaded • He is a martyr to Shi’a Muslims
Shi’a • The people who were loyal to Hussein believed that the caliph should be a descendent of Muhammad • They are called Shi’a (Shiite) – means “Party of Ali” • Almost all of them live in South-east Iraq and Iran • Karbala is a holy site to which they pilgrimage today
Sunni • Those who remained loyal to the Umayyad are called Sunni (means Majority) • Sunni make up over 85% of Muslims today
Sufism • The Sufi branch also broke away during the Umayyads • Sufis are generally seen as practicing a mystical type of Islam in which they seek to know only Allah in all things • This is a very small, but highly dedicated sect of Islam
Baghdad • Baghdad became the capital • The city would eventually have a population of 1 million at a time when Paris and London counted less than 50,000 • Baghdad was the center of learning
Universities • One of the earliest universities was founded in Baghdad. These centers for learning contributed to learning and many new Islamic inventions.
Mathematic Advances • Arab scholars made advances in math and astronomy • They invented Algebra • And, modern numerals like 1, 2, 3, 4… are Arabic inventions
Medicine • Muslim physicians contributed to modern medicine by discovering the causes of certain diseases like Smallpox • Al Razi, the most famous Muslim physician, even realized that patients recover better in clean environments
Preserve classical learning • Muslim scholars preserved and translated many of the Greek and Roman classic texts • Eventually, as contact with the Christians in Western Europe increased, that knowledge would pass back to Europe
Islam Today • Get out your book to page 283, use the pie charts to answer the following questions with your group. Turn in your answers. • How many Muslims are there in the world? • In which regions are Muslims a majority (more than 50%) or plurality (more than any other group)? • If India’s population is 1.1 billion, how many Muslims live there? • If the United States’ population is 3 million, how many Muslims live there?
