Climate Change and Shelter & Housing

2. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing Module 7

3. I. Mitigation Strategies Sub-module 7.1

4. Climate and Shelter Over the last 12,000 years of a stable climate on Earth, human beings developed a huge range of different shelter types to enable them to live in a wide variety of climates from the Arctic to the Equator. The climate is now changing - and so must our dwellings. Why worry about shelter? Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

5. Climate and Shelter Buildings and people use more energy year on year, driving climate change and causing energy prices to soar. The world consequently needs truly sustainable buildings. What need to be changed? Beijing, China Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

6. 21st C Homes must be Designed for the Climate What makes shelter sustainable? Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

7. To survive Climate Change we must do 2 things: Mitigation & adaptation: Two complementary roads RESPONDING TO CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION ADAPTATION REDUCE GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSION FROM BUILDINGS ADAPT OUR BUILDINGS TO KEEP US SAFE IN A WARMING WORLD WITH MORE EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

8. Outline of lecture sub-module 7.1 CLIMATE CHANGE AND SHELTER & HOUSING: MITIGATION • Planning • Housing design • Equipment • Renewable energy substitutes • Carbon offset through photosynthesis and carbon sinks • Behaviour 6 Mitigation strategies Rustaq, Oman Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

9. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation • Cut Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: • 1.1 Planning • Location • Densities • Mixed land use • More autonomous services / less distribution losses • Case study References Low Energy and Passive Housing in Ljubljana Mixed Land Use: Earthsong Eco-Neighbourhood in New Zealand integrates permaculture urban agriculture development Common objective Strategy One 6 examples of strategy One Recommended case studies for strategy One Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

10. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Cut Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 1. Planning • Location Buildings and cities that are designed for the local climate rely much less on energy to heat and cool them because the building itself does much more of the work in ameliorating the climate. The first requirement is to design for the local climate, with local design skills, methods and materials. Which of the two samples fits the climate better? Abu Dhabi Masdar, Abu Dhabi Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

11. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Cut Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 1. Planning • Density Low density housing development not only implies higher fuel consumption for transportation and mobility, but also uses an unnecessary share of land potentially (or previously) used for vegetation. In cold climates, heat losses imply higher fuel consumption for space heating. All centralized service trunks are longer and therefore energy consuming. X Seeb, Oman ‘X’ means ‘wrong’ Naples, Italy Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

12. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Cut Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 1. Planning • Mixed land use Mixed land use means that people can find jobs, shopping, entertainment, recreation close to their homes: less transportation is required. It may look messy, but it is a good idea Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

13. EXERCISE 1: how can you reduce Transport Impacts? Exercise 1 – Exploring Low Carbon Transport: Students should be asked to record their activity and mobility pattern over one week and analyze the required time, cost and means of transportation used. What savings would be possible if the these activities could be performed within a radius of 5km (cycling distance)? Classify different activities according to the size of the catchment area (like a street, local community or an entire city) to be operated at a reasonable cost and quality? Discuss how travel distances could be reduced or the fossil fuel energy required to undertake them can be reduced. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

14. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Cut Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 1. Planning • More decentralised and autonomous services = less distribution losses Distribution / on-site Generation with fully integrated network management Central power station CHP and/or Source: Edouard Muldanardo Central power station Photovoltaics Transmission Network power plant Storage Storage Flow Control Storage Power Storage House quality Distribution Network Power device quality Local CHP plant device Wind power plant House with domestic CHP Where is ‘shelter‘ on the map? Commercial Factory building Fossil Fuel Economy Low Carbon Economy Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

15. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Cut Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 2. Housing design • Incorporated energy in building materials& construction • Reduce need for lifts, heating and cooling through building form , height & shading • Incorporation of energy storage in the design • Passive solar energy gains • Certification and Passivhaus standards • Case study References Beddington Zero Energy Development: The zero energy-status is achieved by energy-efficient design of the buildings, the use of renewable energy sources, wind driven ventilation systems, energy-efficient appliances and a green transport plan. EcobarrioSuerte 90 in Cali, Colombia. Environmentally friendly building materials have been used, including recycled debris and sugar cane ash. This is Strategy Two Tondo competition entry. Author unknown. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

16. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Cut Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 2. Housing design • Embodied energy in building materials & construction How much energy does it take to build the home? Look at the blue arrow! EMBODIED ENERGY Source: Closing the Loop Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

17. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Cut Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 2. Housing Design • Reduce need for lifts, heating and cooling through building form , height & shading X . Architecture makes a difference! Indian Games Village, Delhi Doha, Qatar Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

18. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Cut Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 2. Housing Design • Incorporation of energy storage in the design This is passive solar design Source: Alfredo Ferndandez-Gonzalez Source: Ecohouse Design Guide Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

19. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Reduce Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 2. Housing Design • Passive solar energy gains - solar energy for free heating This also is passive solar design Source: Alfredo Ferndandez-Gonzalez Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

20. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Reduce Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 2. Housing Design • Certification. Use appropriate certification standards like EDGE for emerging markets, Passivhaus or BREEAM standards and increasingly the growing number of National Building Regulations and Standards that are designed to promote Low Carbon Buildings. Be aware: all standards have their limitations! Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

21. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Cut Fossil Fuel Energy Demand by means of: 1.3 Equipment • Energy conservation through technical innovation (heating, cooling, lifts, lighting etc.) • Less harmful chemical agents for refrigerating and air conditioning • Active energy substitution • Solar collectors for space and water heaters • Surplus energy production through photovoltaics, windmills etc. • Combined Heat and Power generation (Micro-CHP) Six examples for Strategy Three Case study References • Skotteparken Low-energy Housing: substantial savings in the consumption of gas (60 per cent), water (30 per cent saving) and electricity (20 per cent saving) • Solar Energy Support Programme (SSP). Stand alone solar energy systems improve lighting and reduces kerosene and pinewood use and improves air quality and health Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

22. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Reduce Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 3. Equipment • Certification. Use appropriate certification standards like EDGE f Energy conservation through technical innovation • heating, • cooling, • lifts, • lighting etc. Savings on operation by higher efficiency Savings on investment through durability Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

23. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Reduce Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 3. Equipment • Less harmful chemical agents for refrigerating and air conditioning X Almost no ghg emission Zero ghg emission High ghg emission Waterpowered airconditioning in Arusha, Tanzania Heliopolis Egypt Waterpoweredairconditioning in Assuan, Egypt Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

24. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Reduce Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 3. Equipment • Active energy substitution - only use heating and cooling where necessary – use natural ventilation when possible Right: cooling Left: heating • Substantial cost and energy savings in heating and cooling can be made by widening the set points. • So mechanical systems are only used when necessary and natural energy is used for most of the year. How much energy depends on the climate. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

25. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Reduce Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 3. Equipment • Solar collectors for space and water heaters These are conventional flat plate solar collectors for warm water Conventional standard designs are very cost efficient and pay themselves back within very short periods. They are an option also for low-income households. Solar city Tonglin in China Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

26. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Reduce Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 3. Equipment • Solar collectors for space and water heaters These are high temperature tube solar collectors -too hot for water Up to date technology allows to install efficient solar collectors even on horizontal or vertical positions. Tube solar collectors in Berlin, Germany Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

27. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Reduce Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 3. Equipment • Surplus energy production with photovoltaics and windmills on buildings can also be used to power vehicles and other buildings (or fed into the grid) Source: Andrew Scott MIT Electricity supply in Fortaleza, Brazil Expo in Barcelona, Catalunya Solar cities are being built throughout India More energy produced than used in the building Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

28. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Substitute Fossil Fuel Energy Consumption: 4. Use of Renewable Energies • Conscious selection of energy mix from electricity provider • Recover energy through heat exchangers in the house • Ground source heat pumps • Small wind turbines • Biomass These are many more renewable energy sources apart from direct sun radiation Eco-House Oxford Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

29. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Reduce Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 4. Use Renewable Energy • Recover energy through heat exchangers in the house Two types of heat exchangers: air-air and water-water Reducing heat loss from the house Bringing solar heat into the house www.homeventilation.co.uk/heat-recovery.php http://www.new4old.eu/guidelines/D6_Part2_H5.html Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

30. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Reduce Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 4. Use Renewable Energy • Recover energy through heat exchangers in the house To save heating energy in cold climates, rooms should be sealed as air tight as possible. On the other hand, regular ventilation with fresh air is necessary for comfort and health and to avoid the growth of fungus which lets escape a great deal of heated air. An air-air heat exchanger can recover over 50% of the warmth that would otherwise be lost. Air-air heat exchanger in detail Simple air-to-air heat exchanger for home use Source North Dakota State University AE-1393 Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

31. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation In many countries competing energy providers may be contracted to deliver electricity or gas to your home. The same providers usually give different options, such as nuclear free or renewable energy sources and purchase the energy accordingly. Reduce Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 4. Use Renewable Energy • Conscious selection of energy mix from electricity provider . http://www.ovoenergy.com/green-zone/what-is-green-energy/ http://www.thegreenmarketoracle.com/ Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

32. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Reduce Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 4. Use Renewable Energy • Conscious selection of energy mix The composition of energy sources for electricity in the grid varies from one country to another. The end user now often can specify the individual mix of renewable and non renewable energy. By the way: less than 40% of primary energy input as electricity reaches the end user, the rest is wasted.* Which is the energy mix in your country? Other19% Natural Gas 14% Wind 8% Stone Coal 19% Biomass 6% Nuclear 18% Water 3% Brown Coal 25% Photovoltaic 3% Renewable 20% Gridfuel mix in the UK, 2008 Source: BERR / Greenspec Gridfuel mix in Germany, 2011 Source: BDEW/AGEB * source:greenspec Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

33. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Reduce Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 5. Carbon offset • Photosynthesis • carbon sinks This is Strategy Five Public park in Hanoi, Vietnam Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

34. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Reduce Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 5. Carbon offset • Carbon sinks Tayrona National Park, Colombia • A main driver of climate change is the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Any process that absorbs this gas is known as a carbon sink. The biggest natural carbon sink are the oceans and the earth. Crude oil and natural gas basically derive from accumulated carbon in the earth and are released into the atmosphere again when burnt as fuel Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

35. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Reduce Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 5. Carbon offset • Carbon sequestration This alleyway helps to reduce climate change – apart from improving the microclimate! The possibility to capture CO2 artificially from the atmosphere has been controversially discussed for some time. These processes are complicated and irrelevant to building construction – with one exception, which is the construction with timber – which can bury C02 for decades if not centuries. Avenue in Antigua (Guatemala) Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

36. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Reduce Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 5. Carbon offset • Photosynthesis This green wall helps to reduce climate change! Photosynthesis is a biological process that absorbs carbon dioxide (CO2) and water while it produces oxygen(O2). Apart from being essential for life on earth it helps to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases into higher atmosphere. Plants are the main agent in which photosynthesis happens. It is therefore essential to maximize the plant coverage also in cities where large portions of CO2 are generated. Urban farming, urban forestry and parks are good practice of doing so. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

37. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Reduce Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 6. Behaviour change • Consider traditional wisdom in construction and use of built space • Avoid overheating or over-cooling of rooms caused by air conditioning • Apply or exploit differentiate room temperatures most suitable for intended activities • Case study References • Traditional design and construction systems have been adapted to meet modern housing needs in Papua New Guinea • The New Generation of Yaodong Cave Dwellings, Loess Plateau. Traditional energy saving methods and vernacular housing design were used for the construction of 1000 houses in China. use of innovative solar energy systems and natural ventilation methods help to reduce energy consumption to a minimum. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

38. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Reduce Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 6. Behaviour change • Consider traditional wisdom in construction and use of built space and learn from them Courtyard House in Baghdad Windtower house in Kuwait Malaysian Kampong House Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

39. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Reduce Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 6. Behaviour change • Avoid overheating or over-cooling of rooms caused by air conditioning using a wide range of behavioural adaptations including: The human factor To coldness: • Increase activity • Increase clothing • Close posture • Cuddle up • Heat the room • Find a warmer place • Close windows • Avoid draughts • Modify the building • Emigrate To warmth: • Reduce activity • Reduce clothing • Open posture • Separate • Cool the room • Find a cooler place • Open windows • Use a fan • Modify the building • Emigrate Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

40. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Reduce Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: 6. Behaviour change • Avoid Apply or exploit differentiate room temperatures most suitable for intended activities Traditional example from Rajasthan in India for taking advantage of different microclimates inside the house Picture: Jane Matthews Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

41. Climate Change and Shelter & Housing: Mitigation Reduce Fossil Fuel Energy Demand: Case study on climate change considerations in housing design and marketing in South Vietnam. See separate case study by ChristophHesse. Modern example (and last slide) Design: Christoph Hesse Climate Change and Shelter & Housing - Mitigation Strategies

42. There is a second lecture on CC and Housing Focus: Adaptation Thank you! Authors: Prof. Dr. Kosta Mathéy GLOBUS Global Urban Studies Institute Berlin Mathey@ina-fu.org Prof. Dr. Susan Roaf School of the Built Environment Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK s.roaf@hw.ac.uk