Monday 4-14-14 Warm-up Questions

1. Monday 4-14-14Warm-up Questions • Give 3 facts of mercantilism that we discussed on Friday. Hint: Think of the reading assignment that you did and the kinds of questions you had to answer. NO, you may not have your paper back, this is a recall question. • What does it mean if something is absolute?

2. VocabularyTHIS IS YOUR WARM-UP FOR TODAY!You need the term, definition, a quick draw, & a sample sentence for each term/ID • Absolutism • Monarchy • Divine Right • Balance of Power • Parliament • Commonwealth 7. Puritans 8. Huguenot 9. Spanish Armada 10. St. Bartholomew’s Day 11. English Bill of Rights 12. Westernization We will have a vocabulary quiz TOMORROW, WEDNESDAY 4-16-14, on last week’s & this week’s vocabulary terms/IDs

3. The Rise of Absolutism

4. Absolutism: A political system in which a single ruler has unrestricted power

5. Critical Attributes of Absolutism • Divine Right to rule • Centralized control of government • No checks and balances on political power

6. You need to know the following for each country: - Name of country - Ruler and years they ruled - Important facts about them There are 5 countries:1. Spain2. France3. Austria4. Prussia5. Russia

7. Spain

8. King Philip II • 1556-1598 • Made Spain strongest power in Europe • Absolute Monarch • Ruled by “divine right,” or through God’s authority • Protected and strengthened the Catholic Church • Outlawed Protestantism • Reinstated the Spanish Inquisition • 1588 - Attempted to invade and conquer England

9. The Spanish Armada • Invasion force which included 130 ships and 20,000 men • Despite its large size, it was defeated - bad weather - smaller, faster English ships • Its failure (coupled with inflation) ruined Spain’s economy • Caused Spain to quickly decline as a world power

10. France

11. King Louis XIV • 1638-1715 • Became king at age 5 • Ruled for 72 years • “Sun King” – because the sun was believed to be the center of the universe by this time • Nearly bankrupted France • His personal motto was “I am the state.” • Persecuted Huguenots (French Protestants)  they left France  really hurt France’s economy

12. King Louis XIV • Absolutist • Disbanded France’s legislature (Estates General) • Versailles • Built a powerful, professional army • Revoked the Edict of Nantes  Protestants and Jews to flee France  economy collapses  France loses its status as a world power

13. Holy Roman Empire (Germany)Splits into Austria & Prussia

14. Rise of Austria and Prussia • Holy Roman Empire = hundreds of small rival states • Emperor was pretty much powerless • Catholics and Protestants, did NOT get along at all • Thirty Years’ War started

15. The Thirty Years War • 1618-1648 • Began as a local religious struggle • Became a political conflict throughout all of Europe • Extremely violent war • Peace of Westphalia – ends the war

16. The Peace of Westphalia • 1648 • Series of peace treaties • Ended Thirty Years War • France gained more territory • Switzerland and the Netherlands became independent states • Rise of Hapsburg Austria in the south - major Catholic power • Hohenzollern Prussia in the north - Protestant power

17. Austria’s Joseph II 1741 – 1790 Son of Maria Theresa “Enlightened despot” – ruled absolutely, but most of his decisions benefitted his people Religious toleration(angering Protestant citizens) Abolished serfdom (angering nobility) Patron of the arts Not satisfied with his accomplishments

18. Prussia’s Frederick II 1712 – 1786 Son of Frederick William I “Enlightened despot” Westernized Prussia Westernization – the adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture Religious tolerance

19. Russia

20. Peter the Great • 1682/1689 – • 1697: travels to Western Europe He learned about new: -inventions -forms of government Became an absolutist to force through his western ideas

21. Peter the Great Absolutist He forced his westernized ideas upon his country • Educational and economic reforms • Nobility to adopt western fashions • Executed anyone who opposed him (executed thousands) • Expanded Russia’s borders

22. Absolutism in England

23. King James I • 1566 – 1625 • First king of a “United Kingdom” of “Great Britain” (England, Scotland, & Ireland) • Clashed with Parliament over money and foreign policy, wanted more control as king • Eventually dismissed Parliament

24. King James I & Religion • Persecuted Puritans  Puritans fled England (including the Pilgrims who settled in Massachusetts) • New translation of the Bible - The King James Version -It reinforced the practices of the Church of England

25. King Charles I • 1600 – 1649 • Tried to diminish power of Parliament and establish himself as an absolute monarch • Violated the Magna Carta (Imprisoned his political enemies without trial) • 1628: England was broke - Charles was forced to convene (assemble) Parliament asked for an increase in tax rates to keep the country running

26. Charles & Parliament • Parliament demanded that Charles obey the law! -Not allowed to imprison anyone without cause -Respect Parliament’s right to control the tax rate in exchange for raising taxes Charles agreed • As soon as the new taxes were approved, Charles dissolved Parliament again

27. Descent into War • 1640: Scottish rebellion forced Charles to reconvene Parliament once again • Parliamentarrested and executed Charles’ top advisors &declaredking no longer has power to dissolve Parliament • Parliament raised its own army to stand against the king’s • Forced England into civil war

28. The English Civil Wars • 1642-1649 • Cavaliers (pro-king) vs. Roundheads (pro-Parliament) • Roundheads – Leader: Oliver Cromwell, a Puritan • King Charles was captured • Given a chance to accept a constitutional monarchy • Refused • Charles I was tried, convicted of treason, and beheaded in 1649 – the first European king to be executed by his own people

29. The Commonwealth Charles was executed  Monarchy was abolished  Oliver Cromwell (a Puritan) became England’s new leader  Cromwell became a tyrant (absolute ruler)  he died in 1660  Parliament reinstates a king (Oh politics!)

30. King Charles II • 1630 – 1685 • Catholic sympathizer • His reign is known as “The Restoration Period” • Despite having many (illegitimate) children, he left no legitimate heir at his death, so he was succeeded by his brother James

31. The Glorious Revolution • Parliamentconspires and replaces James I him with his own daughter Mary and her husband William III • Had to agree to the conditions laid out by Parliament in the English Bill of Rights • William III (1650 – 1702) • Mary II (1662 – 1694)

32. The English Bill of Rights • Parliament is superior to the king • Parliament must be allowed to meet regularly • House of Commons controls the treasury (taxes) • King can not dismiss or interfere with Parliament • King can not suspend laws • King can not be Catholic • King can not maintain a standing army • King can not quarter soldiers in people’s private homes

33. The English Bill of Rights • Citizens get trial by jury • No cruel or unusual punishment • Writ of Habeas corpus – no one can be arrested and imprisoned without being charged with a crime • Citizens have the right to bear arms

34. Directions • Read the 4 examples on the following slides. • Decide whether or not they are examples of absolutism. • Use the critical attributes and definition of the concept to test the examples. • Write a “yes” if it is an example, and “no” if it is not. • If your answer is “no,” write why it is not an example of the concept.

35. Example 1 • King William and Queen Mary become rulers of England in 1689. • Before they are allowed to rule, they have to accept the English Bill of Rights. • According to the Bill of Rights, the king and queen have to share power with Parliament. • The monarchy was required to call on Parliament to meet, and turned over its power to suspend laws. • The king and queen lost control of the kingdom’s finances and the ability to tax the nation, and gave control to the lower house of Parliament, the House of Commons

36. Example 2 • As a monarchy, emperors ruled China by rights granted in the Mandate from Heaven. • The Chinese believed that there was only one Heaven, thus there could be only one ruler. • As “Sons of Heaven,” the Han dynasty commanded respect from all subjects. • According to law, the emperor’s position could not be challenged by anyone. • Emperors handpicked governors and all officials to centralize authority. • Each emperor was also head of state and commander of the army, and ruled without a legislative body to monitor imperial power or prevent abuse.

37. Example 3 • One of the last remaining monarchies in the world exists in Saudi Arabia. • Monarchs are chosen by members of the royal family and approved by Muslim legal scholars in accordance to the Qur’an and Shari’ah(Islamic Law). • There are no elections or political parties. • King Abdullah decides all state issues along with the Council of Ministers and Consultative Council. • The king appoints all members of the councils, and can dismiss them at will. • King Abdullah also has the power to dissolve both councils and eliminate their positions. • The king maintains final authority over all state affairs.

38. Example 4 • Benito Mussolini became Prime Minister of Italy in 1922. • He eliminated all constitutional restraints on his power within a few years. • In 1928 he outlawed political parties and abolished parliamentary elections. • He used his control of the military to control the Italian people and create a fascist state. • He eventually became dictator of Italy and gained total and complete control of the Italian government.