Chapter 10 – The Muslim World

1. Chapter 10 – The Muslim World 600-1250

2. Section 1 – The Rise of Islam

3. Early Peoples • The Bedouinnomads inhabited the Saudi Arabian Desert • Characteristics would become part of Islam • Courage • Loyalty to family • Warriorskills • As time went on, the Arabs started settling into small trading towns

4. Crossroads of Trade • By 600, most trade routes had Arabia at the center • Meccawas a site of many religious pilgrims • Ka’aba – ancient shrine devoted to Abraham • Muhammad will be born into this world (570)

5. Muhammad • Born to a powerful merchantfamily • Learned the family business early on • Married a businesswoman 15 years older than himself • Took great interest in religionand private meditation • At 40, a voice spoke to him

6. Foundations of Islam • Muslims believe God chose Muhammad as the lastand greatest prophet • Taught that there was only one god and all other gods should be left behind • Islam means “submissionto the will of Allah” • Muslim means “one who has submitted” • His familywere his first followers • By 613, he was publicly preaching in Mecca • Initially met with hostility

7. The Hijrah • Muhammad left Mecca in 622because of the hostility he faced • The migration to Yathrib (later Medina) became known as the Hijrah • In Medina, he becomes a leader with many followers • Religious– political– military

8. Back to Mecca • After 8 years (630), Muhammad marches to Mecca with 10,000 followers • Mecca surrenders • Muhammad destroys the idolsin the Ka’aba • Most Meccans will become loyal Muslims • Part of the umma • Dies 2 years later at 62

9. Beliefs and Practices – Five Pillars of Islam • FivePillars refers to the major dutiesof all Muslims. They are: • Faith– oneGod, Muhammadis the messenger • Prayer– 5times daily at specific times, facing Mecca • Occasionally they will gather in a mosque (house of worship)

10. Five Pillars Continued • Alms– charity • Fasting– one month of the year (Ramadan), Muslims don’t eat from sun up to sun down • Pilgrimage– Once in their lives, Muslims should perform the hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)

11. Sources of Authority • Allahis the ultimate authority • Gabrielspoke to Muhammad on God’s behalf • These revelations were written in the Qur’anafter Muhammad’s death • Only “counts” when read in Arabic, this will unite all Muslims with a common language

12. Way of Life • Muhammad served as the best exampleof how people should live their lives (Sunna) • A body of law (Shari’a) was created based on the Qur’anand the Sunna • Governs family, morals, and businessrelations

13. Links to Judaism and Christianity • Same God • Jesusmatters (teacher, not prophet) • The Bibleprovided revelations, but the Qur’an“fixed” the problems and is the finalbook • Heavenand Hell

14. Section 2 – Islamic Expansion

15. Muhammad’s Successors • Big problem after Muhammad’s death: • No named successoror instructions of how to choose one • Led to internalconflict among Muslims • Abu-Bakrbecomes the first caliph (like the Popefor Catholics)

16. “Rightly Guided” Caliphs • First 4 caliphs after Muhammad • All knew Muhammad • Based their leadership on the Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions • Strife amongst Muslims led to Abu Bakr declaring a jihad on unbelievers and people who broke away • 2 meanings (inner struggle and outer) • The next 3 will continue the jihad and by 750, Muslims controlled from the Indus to the Atlantic

17. Reasons for Success • Early victories convinced them that God wanted it • Armies: well disciplined with great leaders • Coupled with enemies being weak/exhausted • Welcomed by the persecuted • Treated conquered people well. Did not have to convert, but did have to pay extra taxes • Tax-free status for converts

18. Internal Conflicts • After the 4 “rightly guided,” the Umayyadschallenged their control • Moved the capitalto Damascus • Lived a rich life • Led to a division • Shi’aMuslims believe that only Muhammad’sdescendants could lead • Sunni– followed Umayyads, less strict about leadership • Sufi– rejected wealth, lived a life of poverty

19. Expansion • After 100 years of ruling, the Abbasidswill replace the Umayyads (750) • Moved the capital to Baghdad for better access to trade • Used a strong bureaucracyto control the Empire • Continue control until 1250 (500years) • Many more sects sprang up (Fatimidsin Africa) but they were all linked through Islam

20. Section 3 – Muslim Culture

21. Cities and Social Classes • Muslim cities were designed to aw and will attract thousands • Within Muslim societies, there were 4classes • Muslims at birth • Converts • “Peopleof the Book” (Christians& Jews) & Zoroastrians • Slaves • Women were more equalthan most societies but still expected to submitto men • This actually reversed itself as time went on

22. Scholarship • As with the Egyptians, Muslim advances resulted from need • Sickrulers wanted good doctors • Prayertimes and direction required understanding mathand astronomy • Muhammadhad emphasized studyand scholarship • They translated info from all over the world in the House of Wisdom

23. Philosophy and Religion Blend • Some tried to blend Greek philosophers (SPA) with Islam and science • Developed the “Ideal Man” • Blendedsome of the best aspects from everyculture • Persian morals, Arabic faith, Iraqi education, Christian in conduct, Greek in science, etc.