The Middle Ages

1. The Middle Ages

2. Medieval Europe: Stages

3. The Fall of Rome • Who: Visigoths • What: Visigoths captured Rome • When: 476 AD • Sig: Began Middle Ages, Western Europe

4. Geography • Rise of modern-day countries from the Germanic tribal invasions. • E.g. Franks in Central Europe-France • Also saw Christianity become the dominant religion in Europe.

5. Geography (Con’t) • Rise of a new religion, Islam. • Spread throughout the Middle East, Africa, and parts of Asia.

6. Government • Life during Middle Ages • War, disease, short life span • Living isolated dangerous • Local knowledge only • Strong, central gov’tdisappeared • Smaller kingdoms dot landscape • Wars frequent between kingdoms • Money not used

7. Government (Con’t) • Wealth = land • Manor system replaced governments • Relationship between noble and servant – military service for land titles • Survival – no government except lord and vassals • War and combat-ways to settle disputes • Trial ordeal – if you win (honor and truth), lose (dishonor and death)

8. Manor System • Noble • Servant – knights • Serfs (peasants) • Led to the system known as feudalism.

9. Government-Feudalism • land exchanged for services; • Roles, obligations defined for all • means of protection and defense A French vassal receiving a feudal grant from the king

10. How It Worked • King gave out land. • Nobles pledge loyalty, fight • Result-Get land and protection from king • Vassals pledge loyalty, fight • Result-get land and protection • Peasants pledge to fight • Result-get land and protection

11. Government-The Feudal Power Relationship

12. Magna Carta (1215) Conflict between King John and English nobility Nobles rebelled against excessive taxation, forced King John to sign Magna Carta in 1215 Limited power of the monarch Formal recognition king not above law Sig:led to formation of Parliament. A photograph of the Magna Carta

13. Development of Parliament Original Parliament House of Lords: nobles and church lords House of Commons: knights and residents Approved taxes, discussed policies, worked with monarch to make laws Edward I

14. Religion and Philosophy • Catholic Christianity-main religion • Unifying force for Europe. • Kept people from reading Bible. • Why? • Bible written in Latin • only clergy could read it.

15. Catholic Church Hierarchy

16. The Catholic Church Expands Its Power • Church becomes political entity • Struggles with monarchs • Expanded land ownership Pope Gregory VII Henry IV of Germany

17. Catholic Religion Dominance

18. The Monastic Movement • Became popular in 5th century • Reaction against increasing “worldliness” of Church • Monasteries: secluded religious communities • Benedictine monasticism: chastity, poverty, obedience St. Benedict

19. The Inquisition • New orders: Franciscans, Dominicans, later Jesuits • The Inquisition: special court established by Church to combat heresy • Heretic-someone who doesn’t believe in the same doctrine. • Accused heretics sometimes tortured • Convicted heretics burned at stake A suspected heretic being tortured by the Inquisition

20. Religion and Philosophy-Islam • Muhammad in 610 A.D. in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. • Was a merchant • Sig: founded Islam • Religious text: Qur’an

21. Islam (Con’t) • Follow Five Pillars of Islam. • Strict dietary and social restrictions. • Jihad-holy war • Came from belief had to spread Islam. • Conquests of non-Muslims • No pictures of rulers and religious figures.

22. Pledge-There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is His prophet. Prayer-Pray 5 times a day toward Mecca. Fasting-Fast during daytime of Ramadan. Charity-Give alms (money) to poor. Hajj-Visit Mecca once in life. Five Pillars of Islam

23. Islam (Con’t) • Ruler was political and religious authority. • i.e. Shah, Sultan. • Forced conversion to religion. • Became merchants, helped with conquest.

24. Islam in Europe • Islamic forces controlled Spain-8th century • Muslim innovations • Agriculture • Architecture • Math and science Great Mosque of Córdoba

25. Communication • Communication was done through vernacular languages from nobles to commoners. • Vernacular – common language (French, English) • Nobility and clergy understood Latin. • Catholic Church preached in Latin, didn’t teach commoners it. • Latin now the language of education and culture. • Which language did it replace?

26. Technology and Innovation • Math and science from the Muslims: • Concept of zero • Arabic numerals used (1, 2, 3) instead of Roman numerals (I, II, III) • Algebra. • Alchemy and astronomy as well.

27. Technology and Innovation (Con’t) • Castles • Centers of noble life • Purposes: • Intimidation • Military defense • Residence • Based off of Roman forts. Warwick Castle, England

28. Universitas (University) Need for administrators Muslim knowledge, renewed interest in classical writings Used to train priests. Studied Bible, Latin, some Classics. Expensive, for men only Technology and Innovation (Con’t) A map of medieval European universities

29. Trade and Economy • Economy - farming, localized economy. • Traded within manor, sometimes had a trader come through. • Late Middle Ages: rise of money changers and banks for credit. • Eventually, exotic goods came due to the Crusades and Silk Road.

30. Arts and Leisure • Art in two dimensions. • Had a religious nature or painting of noble.

31. Arts and Leisure-Architecture • Many churches and cathedrals built • Church designs • Romanesque • Gothic Chartres Cathedral in France, a prime example of medieval Gothic architecture

32. Romanesque Architecture • Cathedral at Vezelay, France. • Characteristics: • Made of stone • Rounded arches like Rome. • Had dark, heavy feel b/c of lack of windows. • Had carvings of people, animals for outside decoration.

33. Gothic Architecture • Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris, France. • Characteristics: • Pointed arches • Ribbed vault • Flying buttress • Stained glass windows

34. Conflicts • Mainly religious turmoil – dominance of Catholic Church i.e. abuses, fraud, scandals • US vs. THEM mentality – only one can survive as ordained by God and/or Allah. (Christianity vs. Islam) • Also had fighting among the small European kingdoms. • Major conflict was the Crusades. • Mongols also invaded.

35. Battle of Tours • 732 A.D., modern-day France. • Franks (Christians) vs. Umayyads (Muslims) • Franks won the battle. • Significance: Saved the rest of Europe from becoming Islamic, only Spain and Portugal were.

36. The Reconquista of Spain • Muslims ruled Iberian Peninsula for nearly 800 years • Reconquista: Christians, Muslims to control Spain • 718–1492 • King Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile • What did the end of this lead to in 1492? Isabella and Ferdinand

37. The Hundred Years’ War: Causes • The Hundred Years’ War: 1337–1453 • Struggles between French and English royal families over who would rule either country • Conflicts over territory, trade English ruler Edward III

38. The Hundred Years’ War: Battles • England had early victories • The French eventually expelled the British from mainland Europe • English military innovation: the longbowman The Battle of Crecy, the first major battle of the Hundred Years’ War

39. Joan of Arc • Heroine of the war • Had visions that told her to free France • Fought with the army • Captured, burned at the stake Joan of Arc being burned at the stake