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Motivation

This article explores the concept of motivation in sports, specifically focusing on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and their impact on athletic performance. It also discusses how sports psychologists motivate athletes and the link between personality and motivation. The theories of Drive Theory and Inverted U Theory are analyzed, along with the concept of achievement motivation and attribution theory.

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Motivation

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  1. Motivation BTEC National Diploma

  2. Objectives • Define motivation • How intrinsic or extrinsic motivation impact on a sports performance • How sports psychologists motivate athletes and the link between personality & motivation

  3. Motivation • Is the drive within us to keep playing a sport • Different factors affect our motivation such as desire to win and personal enjoyment • In order for a performer to play a sport they need to have motivation, a want to succeed, achieve a goal. “The drive to strive" Sage (1974)

  4. Motivation 1. Intrinsic “Internal Drives” 2. Extrinsic “External Drives/Pressures” Positive Intrinsic Motivation e.g. Satisfaction Tangible Trophies Medals Prizes Intangible Praise Public acclaim Negative Intrinsic Motivation e.g. avoiding pain or embarrassment 3. Amotivation – where motivation is absent (Deci & Ryan, 1985)

  5. Motivation and Arousal • As motivation increases so does our level of physiological arousal (response levels). • There are two main theories that describe what happens to us when we become motivated: Drive Theory - Hull (1943) Inverted U Theory - Yerkes & Dodson (1908)

  6. Theories that link motivation and sports performance Drive Theory • Performance level increases as your arousal/motivation level does • A very high arousal level would result in a high performance level

  7. Discussion • Examine the drive theory and explain what you feel are the possible problems with this explanation? • Discuss with partner • In reality, performance does not increase linearly with arousal, you can become too wound up (over aroused) but also not motivated enough, (not up for it) the drive theory does not take this into account

  8. Theories that link motivation and sports performance Inverted U Theory • Performance gets better with higher arousal levels but only to a certain point • If you become over aroused/motivated your performance will usually suffer

  9. Theories that link motivation and sports performance Inverted U Curve Inverted U Theory • The diagram shows how the inverted U theory adapts to changes to the task and the performer Novice/Introvert/fine skill/complex task Expert/extrovert/ gross skill/simple task High Performance quality Low Low Moderate High Level of arousal

  10. Achievement motivation Provides the link between personality, motivation & performance in sport. Achievement motivation is determined by a person’s interaction with environment. E.g. Some people will approach taking a penalty shoot out, others would avoid it, to avoid failure. In a competitive situation this is most likely to occur, a player will choose to approach or avoid challenging situations.

  11. Achievement Motivation • Atkinson (1960) identified that everyone either has a need to achieve (NACH) or a need to avoid failure (NAF) as a construct of their personality. • This is affected by the probability of success and the value attached to success, otherwise known as the incentive value of success.

  12. Two Personality Types • High Need to Achieve Personalities (NACH) • High Need to Avoid Failure Personalities (NAF)

  13. NACH Characteristics of those high in achievement motivation: • Aspire to higher levels • Enjoy a risk or challenge • Ideal people to coach to a higher level • Perceive failure as a temporary setback • Welcome feedback • Maintain composure in stressful situations

  14. NAF Characteristics of those low in achievement motivation: • Reluctant to aspire to higher levels • Do not enjoy risks or challenges. • Are more difficult to coach. • Believe that failure is a cue ‘to give in’ • Perceive negative feedback as de-motivating • Find it difficult to maintain composure in stressful situations

  15. Attribution Theory Attribution Theory attempts to categorise the reasons we give for winning or losing. Think of your last sporting performance… Why did you win or lose? Write down your answers…

  16. Attribution Theory Weiner (1980)

  17. Attribution Theory The basic principle of attribution theory as it applies to motivation is that a person's own perceptions or attributions for success or failure determine the amount of effort the person will expend on that activity in the future.

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