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Classification of Living Things

Classification of Living Things. TAXONOMY.

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Classification of Living Things

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  1. Classification of Living Things

  2. TAXONOMY _______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their _________________________Does it have a backbone? Feathers? Gills? Flippers?__________________________How has organism changed in fossil record? What other organisms is it related to? CHARACTERISTICS EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

  3. The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher _______________more than 2000 years ago. ARISTOTLE (300 B.C.)

  4. Aristotle 384 B.C.E. (Before Common Era) • Classified organisms as either plants or animals • He developed the first two kingdoms • Today we now have six identified kingdoms • Animal, plant, protist, eubacteria, archaebacteria, fungi

  5. Aristotle’s Classification System

  6. 16th Century Classification System

  7. 17th Century

  8. Problems? Ex: A jelly fish isn’t a fish, but a seahorse is! Common names (popular name)can be misleading Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal!

  9. Problems? Common names vary from place to place Ex: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar are all names for same animal

  10. Problems? Same organisms have different names in different countries. Chipmunk Streifenhornchen (German) Tamia (Italian) Ardilla listada (Spanish) Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm

  11. Solution? Some early scientists devised scientific names using long descriptions in LATIN. RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis

  12. RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis “oak with leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hair like bristles” PROBLEMS? Names too hard and long to remember! Names don’t show relationships between different animals

  13. Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue! Devised a new classification system based on _________________ (Organism’s form and structure) MORPHOLOGY (1707-1778) Image from: http://www.medusozoa.com/images/linnaeus.jpg

  14. Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 • Classification system • Taxonomic groups of related organisms • Came up with the scientific name (two names) • Homo sapiens • Also known as binomial nomenclature

  15. Linnaeus’s System HIERARCHY Grouped in a _____________ of 7 different levels Each organism has a two part LATIN __________________ SCIENTIFIC NAME

  16. Species • Organisms that can only reproduce with their own kind. ?

  17. Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species King Phillip Came Over For Ginger Snaps Each is called a taxa or taxon.

  18. Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera leo

  19. Scientific Name Vampire batDesmodus rotundus Image from: http://212.84.179.117/i/Vampire%20Bat.jpg Eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm

  20. Our Scientific Name Humans Homo sapiens Homo sapiens Image from: http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/images/photo_baby.jpg

  21. Classification of Man • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Chordata • Class Mammalia • Order Primates • Family Hominidae • Genus Homo • Species Homosapiens

  22. Modern Taxonomy Kidspiration by Riedell

  23. Hint for 6 Kingdoms: • Aunt = Archaebacteria • Patty = Protist • Eats= Eubacteria • Pizza = Plant • And = Animal • Fruit = Fungi

  24. Kingdom Eubacteria • Single celled • Prokaryotic • Make or absorb food • Cell wall • peptidoglycan

  25. Kingdom Archaebacteria • Single celled • Prokaryotic • Make or absorb food • DNA • Similar to Eukaryotic • Cell wall • Pseudopeptidoglycan or protein only

  26. Kingdom Protist • Single celled • Eukaryotic • Ingest or produce food

  27. Kingdom Fungi • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Cell wall • Chitin • Absorb food

  28. Kingdom Plantae • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Cell wall • Cellulose • Produce food (autotroph) • photosynthesis

  29. Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Heterotroph • Movement for survive • Sexual Reproduction

  30. MODERN TAXONOMY organizes living things in the context of _________________ Evolution How the organism has changed over time…years. http://animals.timduru.org/dirlist/dino/FlyingDinosaurus-Pterodon-fossil.jpg

  31. Cladogram • Evolutionary relationship of a group of organisms • Each clad (group) share something in common • Ancestral traits are the oldest • Derived traits evolved later

  32. Cladogram for Transportation • Wheels are the most ancestral • Wings are the most derived

  33. Construct a Cladogram

  34. Gorilla • Four limbs • Fur • Lost tail

  35. Tiger • Four limbs • Fur • Tail

  36. Lizard • Four limbs • Tail

  37. Fish • Tail

  38. Chimpanzee • Four limbs • Fur • Lost tail

  39. Clad With 4 Limbs

  40. Clad With Fur

  41. Clad With No Tail

  42. Gorilla Tail? • How do we know the gorilla lost its tail?

  43. Human Gorilla’s Vestigial Tail Gorilla

  44. Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fish

  45. MODERN TAXONOMY • Scientists use different kinds of info • to classify organisms: • ___________________ • ____________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ Fossil record How organisms have changed over time Morphology Shape and function Embryology: development in womb Chromosomes DNA Embryology= zygote, embryo, fetus

  46. 1. FOSSIL RECORD We can trace some changes over time through the fossil record. Evolutionary history = _____________ PHYLOGENY http://www.familyeducation.com/printables/display/0,2361,1650,00.gif

  47. 2. MORPHOLOGY Shape and Function Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html

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