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Sterilization of Implants

Sterilization of Implants Materials Implanted into the body of human or an animal must be sterile to avoid subsequent infection that can lead to serious illness or death. Repeated use of devices such as surgical instruments (expensive) Sterilization of Implants

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Sterilization of Implants

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  1. Sterilization of Implants Materials Implanted into the body of human or an animal must be sterile to avoid subsequent infection that can lead to serious illness or death. Repeated use of devices such as surgical instruments (expensive) Sterilization of Implants Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine; Ratner, B.D.; Hoffman, A.S.; Schoen, F.J.; Lemmons, J.E.; Eds.; 1996, Academic Press: USA ISBN: 0-12-582460-2 pp. 41 5420

  2. Sterilization of Biomaterials سِتَروَن کردن یا استریل کردن: فرایندی است که میکروارگانیسمها و عوامل انتقال دهنده آنها از جمله قارچ، باکتری٬اسپور باکتری و ویروس را از سطح اجسام از بین می‌برد. استریل یا سترون به معنی کاملاً عاری از باکتری یا قارچ یا ویروس یا دیگر میکروارگانیسمهای بیماری‌زا و غیربیماری‌زا (در مورد اشیای بی‌جان) است. هدف از استریل کردن جلوگیری از انتقال عفونت است. Escherichia coliBacteria A cluster of magnified 10,000 times Staphylococcus aureus bacteria magnified about 10,000x

  3. Infection Control Definintions • Sterilization • Validated process used to render a product free of all forms of viable microorganisms • Disinfection • Destruction of pathogenic and other kinds of microorganisms by thermal or chemical means. • Destroys most recognized pathogenic microorganisms, but not necessarily all microbial forms, such as bacterial spores © 2006 Kaiser Permanente Health Plan, Inc.

  4. Categories of Medical Devices • Critical • Enters sterile tissue or vascular system (e.g., surgical instruments, cardiac and urinary catheters, implants) • Semi-Critical • Contacts mucous membranes or non-intact skin (e.g., endoscopes, respiratory therapy and anesthesia equipment, diaphragm rings) • Non-Critical • Contacts intact skin (e.g., bedpans, blood pressure cuffs, crutches)

  5. STERILIZATION METHODS • Considerations: • Does this technique damage the materials? (heat resistance & radiation sensitivity) • Effect of “over-exposure”? • Effect with “under-exposure”? Sterility? • Economic consideration • Place in barrier package  sterilize  package provides barrier to microorganisms until use

  6. STERILIZATION OF IMPLANTS Sterile: Absence of all living organisms. Sterility tests of an experimental vascular graft illustrating negative (Sterile, left) and positive (nonsterile, right) results. Determination of Sterility: 1. “yes” or “no” result Immerse into liquid culture  if not sterilemedia becomes cloudy due to microbial growth 2. Sterilization validation studies - Used to determine “sterility assurance level” SAL

  7. SAL: Sterility Assurance Level سطح اطمینان استریل بودن • - SAL accepted minimum: probability that an implant will remain non-sterile following exposure to a given sterilization process. • The generally accepted minimum SAL for implants is 10 -6 or a probability of no more than one million that the implant will remain nonsterile. • تعریف استریلیزاسیون در پزشکی با محیط و مواد غذایی متفاوت است. • ضریب SALدر علم پزشکی یعنی از ۱ میلیون ذره موجود در بسته استریل اگر حداکثر یک میکروارگانیسم زنده وجود داشته باشد، آن بسته استریل محسوب می‌گردد. • در مواد غذایی و محیط این عدد بیشتر است.

  8. STERILIZATION OF IMPLANTS • Determination of SAL • 1. Determine _________________________ • - # of viable microorganisms on an implant BEFORE sterilization • - measure on 10-30 samples • - shake/sonicate/wash off microorganisms from implant  into sterile fluid  determine # with standard techniques • Do a _________________________________________________ • - determine microbial kill rate of sterilization process • - plot # of microorganisms remaining vs. exposure time to sterilization process So, exposure time should be at least, “x minutes” log # microorganisms -6 Minutes of exposure x

  9. Reprocessing Algorithm* Yes Heat sensitive? Yes Yes Yes Yes Thoroughly cleaned? Long, thin lumens? Reusable? No No No No Discard after initial use Pressurized Steam or Dry Heat Sterilization Low Temp Gas, Plasma or Vapor Sterilization Just-In-Time Liquid Sterilant or Cold Liquid Sterilant *Reprinted with permission from: Muscarella LF, “Automatic Flexible Endoscope Reprocessors,” Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinic of North America, 2000 April;10(2):245-257 © 2006 Kaiser Permanente Health Plan, Inc.

  10. STERILIZATION METHODS • Steam Sterilization / Autoclaving • 1st method used to sterilize implants • oldest, safest, and most cost effective method ______________________________________________________ • 15-30 min, 15 Psi [after all surfaces reach 121 C] • Packaging: must allow steam to penetrate • - Tyvek (HDPE fibers bonded together)

  11. Autoclavable Medical Packaging: Tyvek ® Tyvek® brand is produced by DuPont. It is a family of tough durable sheet products of high-density polyethylene fibers. The sheet is formed first by spinning continuous strands of very fine interconnected fibers (seven times finer than human hair), and then bonding them together with heat and pressure. Here is an image of Tyvekmagnified 200 times.

  12. STERILIZATION METHODS • Steam Sterilization / Autoclaving • Kills microorganisms by destroying metabolic and structural components essential to their replication. • Advantages: • Efficient, fast, simple • No toxic residues • Disadvantages • High temperature & pressure limit the range of implant & packaging compatibility (polymers & adhesives melting & softening) • If Tg < 121 C, will deform • If hydrophilic, will adsorb water • If biodegradable, will decompose (polyesters, polyamides, polyanhydrides)

  13. Application of Steam autoclave : • surgical instruments. • not well suited for heat sensitive materials and instruments. • Many surgical instruments are not designed to withstand prolonged heat and moisture of the steam sterilization process. • This leads to alternative sterilization categories: chemical sterilization and radiation sterilization, which allow heat and • moisture sensitive materials to be sterilized.

  14. 3. Ethylene Oxide (EtO) 1950

  15. STERILIZATION METHODS 3. Ethylene Oxide (EtO) • - Ethylene oxide: effective low temperature, boils at 11 C, Temperatures reached 50-60°C • Kills microorganisms including spores. by alkylating proteins and DNA • must have direct contact with microorganisms • Nearly half of all medical devices are sterilized by EtO • Place on EtO-permeable packaging (Tyvek) • Into EtO sterilization chamber • Pull vacuum (remove air) • Inject EtO gas: [EtO] = 600-1200 mg/L, T = 30 - 50C, time = 2-48 h • Remove vacuum • Air or nitrogen washes – flush out EtO residues

  16. FDA: 5-250 ppm

  17. EtO Applications: • Heat or moisture sensitiveitems. • Compatible with wide a range of implant and packaging materials (suture, intraocular lens, ligaments, tendons, heart valve, vascular grafts) • Advantages of EtO gas • Effective, high penetration, compatible • Disadvantages of EtO gas • Longer than steam sterilization, typically, 16-24 hours for a complete cycle. • Extremely reactive and flammable, risk of chemical accident that could harm hospital workers and patients. • Can leave toxic residues on sterilized items (aeration) • Possesses several physical and health hazards to personnel and patients that merit special attention (contact with eyes and inhalation should be avoided & <1ppm- 8h working day ). • Impact of CFC on earth’s ozone layer lead ETO/ Freon to pure EtO

  18. Radiation • 60Co gamma rays • Utilizes ionizing radiation involves gamma rays from Co 60 isotope source or machine- generated accelerated electrons. • If sufficient radiation dose is delivered to all surfaces of the implant, the implant can be rendered sterile. • Non use state: source lowered into a deep (20-25 ft) water filled pool

  19. Common Radiation Sterilization A. Gamma, Beta Sterilization The product exposed to radiation for 10 to 20 hours, depending on the strength of the source. The highest temperatures reached in 30-40°C. A dose of 2.5 megarad is generally selected for many items. Ionizing radiation produces ions by knocking electrons out of atoms. These electrons are knocked out violently, and strike an adjacent atom and either attach themselves to it, or dislodge an electron from the second atom. The result is ionic energy that becomes converted to thermal and chemical energy. This energy kills microorganisms by disruption of the DNA molecule, therefore preventing cellular division and propagation of biologic life.

  20. Applications of Co radiation • Widely used for medical products (sutures, drapes, metallic bone implants, knee & hip prostheses, syringes, neurosurgery devices). • Wide range of materials are compatible with radiation sterilization, polyethylene, polyesters, polystyrene, polysulfones, polycarbonate. • But fluoropolymer, PTFE is not compatible! • Advantages: • Simple, rapid, effective, readily controlled (dosimetry) • Large & small material product cost effective • Non toxic • Disadvantages: • High capital costs • Continual decay of the isotope results longer processing times & periodic need for additional isotope

  21. Other High Temperature / Pressure Sterilization A. Dry Heat Process at 160-170°C for a minimum of 2 hours. Limited applications. Applications: Anhydrous oils, petroleum products, and bulk powders that steam and ethylene oxide gas cannot penetrate.

  22. Low Temperature methods • A. Sterrad - Low Temperature Hydrogen Peroxide Plasma • Low temperature (45-50°C), non-toxic, but fairly expensive • Fill the gap between autoclave: high temperature steam sterilization (safest, fastest and least expensive) and EtO gas sterilization, which leaves toxic residuals • Quickly sterilize most medical instruments and materials without leaving any toxic residues). • Process: • hydrogen peroxide is activated to create a reactive plasma or vapor. • Operating cycle times range from 45-70 minutes, depending on size of system. • Hydrogen peroxide is a known antimicrobial agent that is capable of inactivating resistant bacterial spores. • Applications: • Heat sensitive medical equipment such as endoscopic equipment.

  23. B. Steris System 1 Sterile Processing System More common, low temperature (50-56°C), 30 minutes. uses the Steris 20 Sterilant Concentrate that combines peracetic acid (chemical biocidal agent), and a proprietary anti-corrosion formulation to kill microorganisms at low temperature. Peracetic acid is an oxidant and disinfecting agent for liquid immersion. Reacts with most cellular components to destroy cells. Application: Only immersible instruments can be used with this method, and only a few instruments can be sterilized at one time. No packaging required.

  24. C. Cidex OPA Solution – Alternative to Glutaraldehyde • High Level Disinfectant (HLD) for reprocessing heat sensitive medical devices. • Provides high-level disinfection in 12 minutes at room temperature (20C) and is particularly active against mycobacteria, including glutaraldehyde-resistant strains of M. chelonae. • Advantages • Broad materials compatibility of glutaraldehyde (but does not contain glutaraldehyde) • requires no activation • minimal odor • The Cidex OPA Solution is replacing Cidex and Cidex Plus due to their toxicity concerns. • Applications: • Surgical cameras (endoscopes),Cleaning and drying before immersion, rinsing with sterile water prior to use.

  25. Other Chemical Sterilization A. Glutaraldehyde (Cidex Plus and Cidex) Two of the brand names for Glutaraldehyde (disinfectant in the medical industry). provide sterilization after 10 hours of use • Cidex Plus Solution is a disinfectant that is used to disinfect medical instruments. It is a 3.4% alkaline glutaraldehyde solution, which has tuberculocidal and high level disinfection capabilities. It achieves high-level disinfection in 20 minutes at 25°C and has up to a 28-day reuse life. • Cidex Activated Dialdehyde Solution is used to disinfect medical instruments and endoscopes. This solution can also be used in an automated reprocessor. (An automated reprocessor is the machine used to disinfect endoscopic and medical devices with a high level disinfectant solution.) It is a 2.4% alkaline glutaraldehyde solution, which has tuberculocidal and high-level disinfection capabilities. It achieves high-level disinfection in 45 minutes at 25°C and has up to a 14-day reuse life. Both have been used as a cold liquid high-level disinfectant for heat sensitive equipment.

  26. B. VHP MD Series Hydrogen peroxide in vaporized form for sterilization Sterrad system uses vaporized hydrogen peroxide to initiate the sterilization, and then plasma (created by RF energy) to complete the sterilization process. VHP is injected into the chamber via a series of pulses to sterilize packaged medical and diagnostic devices. The cycle time is 2 hours and the operating temperature ranges from 30-40°C. Note: This system is large capital equipment that uses hydrogen peroxide as the sterilant and it can sterilize multiple pieces of equipment at one time. On the other hand, the Steris System 1 is a portable tabletop system that uses peracetic acid as the sterilant and it is used to sterilize equipment right before use. The VHP system is relatively new (out on market for a year) and has yet to be commonly used in medical sterilization applications. Like the Sterrad system, it is intended to fill the gap between steam sterilization and EtO gas sterilization.

  27. C. Chlorine Dioxide Chemical liquid sterilization process. The best operating temperature is 25-30°C, while using low concentrations of ClO2. The process requires 6 hours of contact time to achieve sterilization. A processor converts a compound of dilute chlorine gas with sodium chlorite to form ClO2 gas and this gas is then exposed to the equipment in a sterilizing chamber. Note: This alternative may corrode some materials and must be generated onsite. Prehumidification of the ClO2 is also required.

  28. D. Ozone New in USA Ozone sterilizes by oxidation Destroys organic and inorganic matters. The cycle time may be up to 60 minutes depending on the size of the chamber or load of items to be sterilized. Corrosive, able to damage moisture sensitive equipment. It penetrates membrane of cells causing them to explode.

  29. Other Radiation Sterilization A. E-Beam Radiation High dose of electrons in a narrow beam Limited penetrating power, less than gamma radiation. a 10MeV Ebeam will penetrate about 5 cm of a unit-density material.

  30. No need to water filled pool (Unlike gamma) Application: The radiation can change the properties of some materials like plastics and have adverse affects on glues or adhesives.

  31. B. X-Ray Sterilization Based on obtaining X-rays through conversion of electron beams. Same penetrating properties as the rays produced by Cobalt-60. Faster, more flexible, and more environmentally friendly. X-rays offer excellent product penetration in sterilization, thoroughly treating the surface and interior of a product.

  32. Traditional methods Dry heat is rare because of extreme temperature>140 C. Implants are occasionally sterilized in hospitals by immersion in an aqueous glutaraldehyde solution. Only in special circumstances, where the implant is sensitive to heat and aeration time after EtO is not acceptable. SAL requires meticulous attention to detail & long immersion times.

  33. New technologies • Gaseous chlorine dioxide • Low temperature gas plasma • Gaseous ozone alternatives to EtO • Vapor-phase hydrogen peroxide • Machine generated X-rays advantage of nonisotopic source & peneterating power similar to gamma rays

  34. روش پایش استریل بودن مواد: مکانیکی رسم نمودار شیمیایی قرار دادن اندیکاتور شیمیایی بیولوژیکی قرار دادن اندیکاتور بیولوژیکی

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