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Functions of bones

Functions of bones. Support Protection Movement Blood cell formation Storage. Support. Strong Rigid. Protection. Surround organ Protect against damage. Movement. Attach to bones Provide levers. Blood Cell Formation. All blood cells formed in the bones Red marrow (hematoposiesis).

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Functions of bones

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  1. Functions of bones • Support • Protection • Movement • Blood cell formation • Storage

  2. Support • Strong • Rigid

  3. Protection • Surround organ • Protect against damage

  4. Movement • Attach to bones • Provide levers

  5. Blood Cell Formation • All blood cells formed in the bones • Red marrow (hematoposiesis)

  6. Storage • Calcium • Phosphate

  7. Bone Tissues • Bone (osseous tissue) • Dense connective tissue • Cartilage • Blood forming tissue • Nervous tissue

  8. Types of Bones • Bones can be divided into four classes • Flat bones • Long bones • Short bones • Irregular bones

  9. Flat Bones • Thin and flat • Cranium • Ribs • Sternum

  10. Short Bones • About equal in length and width • Wrist bones • Ankle bones

  11. Long Bones • Greater in length than width • Absorb stress from body weight • Thighs • Legs • Arms • Forearms

  12. Irregular bones • Complex shapes • Vertebrae • Facial bones

  13. Skeleton • Divided into two parts • Axial • Appendicular

  14. Axial Skeleton • Skull • Vertebral column • Bony thorax (thoracic cage)

  15. Skull • Cranium • Facial bones

  16. Fetal Skull • Newborn infant skull isn’t complete • Not all the hyaline cartilage has yet ossified • Cartilage meets at fontanels

  17. Vertebral Column • Divided into three regions • Cervical • Thoracic • Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx

  18. Fetal Vertebral Column • Originally a convex curve • As baby learns to lift it’s head, the cervical curve develops • As baby learns to walk, Lumbar curve develops

  19. Bony Thorax • Consists of the ribs, sternum and thoracic vertebrae • Provides a bony, protective cage around the organs of the thoracic cavity • Heart, Lungs and major blood vessels

  20. Appendicular Skeleton • Pelvic Girdle • Lower Limbs • Pectoral Girdles • Clavicles • Scapulae • Upper limbs

  21. Pelvic Girdle • Strong frame • Supports lower limbs

  22. Pelvis • Two coxial bones • Sacrum • Three separate bones in the fetus • The three join anteriorly

  23. Female and Male Pelvis are Different

  24. Pelvic Girdle Differences

  25. Bone Growth I Bone begins as a model of hyaline cartilage in an embryo

  26. Bone Growth II • A collar forms around the midsection

  27. Bone Growth III • Primary ossification center as cartilage is replaced by spongy bone

  28. Bone Growth IV • Spongy bone expands as more blood vessels penetrate

  29. Bone Growth V • Central cavity is formed and secondary ossification centers develop

  30. Bone Growth VI • Ossification continues until spongy bone fills epiphyses and compact bone surrounds the entire structure

  31. Bone Growth VII • Hyaline cartilage remains in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages

  32. Diaphysis • Shaft of the bone • Most of the bones length • Dense bone • Covered by fibrous connective tissue (periosteum)

  33. Epiphyses • Ends of long bones • Thin layer of compact bone surrounding spongy bone • Covered by Articular Cartilage • hyaline cartilage • Slippery and smooth

  34. Periosteum • Dense, connective tissue firmly attached to bone • Covers everything except the articular cartilage • Large supply of blood vessels

  35. Joints or Articulations • There are three groups of joints or articulations binding bones together in the body • They are classified by the amount of movement they allow and the materials forming the joining

  36. Fibrous Joints • Consist of fibrous (dense) tissue between articulating bone • Little or no movement allowed • Sutures in the skull

  37. Cartilaginous Joints • Binds bones together with cartilage • Allows little or no movement • Shock absorbers • Symphysis Pubis • Intervertebral disks

  38. Synovial Joints • There are five types of freely moving or Synovial joints in the human body • Hinge • Ball and Socket • Pivot • Saddle • Gliding

  39. Synovial Joint • Permit the greatest freedom of movement • Synovial fluid between bones • Enclosed in the Articular Capsule • The outside layer is the tough fibrous capsule

  40. Hinge Joint • Allows movement in only one plane • Convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another • Knee • phalanges

  41. Ball and Socket • Maximum allowable movement • Ball-shaped process of one bone fits into the cup-shaped socket of another • Hip joint • Shoulder joint

  42. Pivot Joint • Allows rotation around a central axis • Cylindrical surface of one bone rotates in the ring of another • Vertebral column • elbow

  43. Saddle Joint • Allows back and forth, side to side and some pivoting • Convex surface of one bone fits concave surface of complimentary bone • Trapezium and metacarpal of the thumb

  44. Gliding Joint • Permit a sliding movement • Surfaces are nearly flat • Clavicle and sternum • Some wrist and ankle bones

  45. Types of Bone Fracture • There are seven types of fracture • Greenstick • Simple • Compound • Spiral • Comminuted • Impacted • depressed

  46. Greenstick Fractures • Also called an incomplete fracture • Break does not extend all the way through the bone • Common in children. Their bones are more flexible

  47. Simple Fracture • No tear in the skin • Break extends all the way through the bone

  48. Compound Fracture • Broken end of the bone tears skin from the inside • Bone may break into several fragments

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