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Photograph of Boston Skyline taken at 10 a.m. on January 12, 2001

Photograph of Boston Skyline taken at 10 a.m. on January 12, 2001. PM 2.5 concentration at this time in the 9-11  g/m 3 range. Photograph from CAMNET web site (http://hazecam.net). Photograph of Boston Skyline taken at 10 a.m. on January 8, 2001.

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Photograph of Boston Skyline taken at 10 a.m. on January 12, 2001

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  1. Photograph of Boston Skyline taken at 10 a.m. on January 12, 2001 PM2.5 concentration at this time in the 9-11 g/m3range Photograph from CAMNET web site (http://hazecam.net)

  2. Photograph of Boston Skyline taken at 10 a.m. on January 8, 2001 PM2.5 concentration at this time in the 55-65 g/m3range Photograph from CAMNET web site (http://hazecam.net)

  3. PM10 - causes and features Speciation of particulate matter • Total acidity, tar • Nitrates, sulphates (?) • Heavy Metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, As, Hg, ...) • Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) • Nitro Poly-Aromatic Hydrocarbons • Sooth / Elemental Carbon (EC)

  4. Fonte: ARPA

  5. Fonte: ARPA

  6. Scaling  selecting representative sites

  7. Origin of fine particle concentrations (PM10) measured on a busy traffic spot

  8. Sectors contributing to ...PM10 on a busy traffic spot from all sources ...PM10 on a busy traffic spot from all sources within the city

  9. PM10-source attribution  summary(i) PM10emissions by construction contribute to more than 5% of the urban PM - background 70%of urban background PM10 can be attributed to transport sources more than half of traffic related PM10 stems from tyre abrasion and resuspended particulates, which depends on the number of vehicles • We need to tackle exhaust and non-exhaust emissions by traffic

  10. PM10-source attribution  summary(ii) • More than 1/3 of roadside PM10 - pollution can be traced back to sources outside of the Greater Berlin agglomeration • more than 40% of PM10-pollution are secondary particles • PM10-episodes are often dominated by regional/large scale transport of PM • We need a fare balance between • efforts on EU-level and • local measures when reviewing the preliminary PM-limit values for 2010

  11. PM-source apportionment  approach (i) • select monitoring sites representative for local, urban & regionalbackground • calculate PM-pollution originating with each of these scale categories • take urban (Berlin) and national (German) emissions for PM, SO2, NOx, VOC and NH4 per sector for attributing pollution of urbanbackground and regional background origin, respectively • distribute PM emissions among EC (elemental carbon), OC (organic carbon)- components and “rest” • attach VOC-related ‘component’ to OC

  12. PM-source apportionment  approach (ii) • apply weighting factors to “resuspension” and high sources, so as to account for different dispersion characteristic • calculate each sector’s percentage share on the total emissions • for measured PM-components originating in urban & regional background: use these percentages as a key for apportionmentamong sectors • for local (traffic) scale: allocate “rest” to resuspended road dust, EC & OC to exhaust and tyre emissions

  13. Trend and projection of emission of particulates in Berlin

  14. National Emission Ceilings cleaner vehicles (Dir 98/69) cleaner fuels (Dir 98/70) particle filter for all public buses further substitution of coal by gas, oil and district-heating total: needed: ~ 2% ~ 5% ~ 3% ~ 2 % ~ 2% ~14% ~25% Control measures already on the way Expected total PM10 reduction by 2005

  15. accelerated turnover of car fleet tax incentives for EURO III-V gas-driven vehicles in captured fleets (taxis, driving schools, refuse collection,...) full supply of sulfur free diesel no more coal heating strong reduction (50%) of PM emission by construction reduction (50%) of resuspension in main roads Control measures possible further actions Expected total PM10 reduction by 2005 ~ ?% ~ 3% ~ 2% ~ 3% ~ 7%

  16. Concentrazione media di PM 2.5 in inverno Panoramica sulla salute respiratoria nella Comunità Europea Nov 2000 - Feb 2001 I I I Papa è a letto B E F B CH UK F D E UK E E E S E S S IS

  17. Soglia di allarme75 µg/m3 Soglia di attenzione50 µg/m3 Superamento soglia di allarme PM10 Luglio 2001 – Gennaio 2002 TEOM: 0.98 giorni su 4 Gravimetrico: 0.93 giorni su 2 UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI MILANO-BICOCCAAGENZIA REGIONALE PROTEZIONE AMBIENTALE-LOMBARDIA

  18. Importance for Northern Italy • Short-term effects of air pollution locally confirmed • Very high pollution levels, compared to rest of Europe • High density of major sources of pollution: traffic! • some effects appear to be stronger in Italy: interaction with other high level pollutants such as Ozone ! Cambridge1.ppt

  19. Conclusion • Air pollution has adverse effects on health • Evidence is strongest for short-term effects; long-term effects should be better investigated, in Europe • PM’s are an important aspect of air pollution, but other pollutants and the mixture may be relevant, too • The impact on public health is substantial, in Italy and Europe • Some ‘experimental evidence’ that improvements in air quality lead to health benefits very fastly (short-term effects) Cambridge1.ppt

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