Materials and the Supply Chain Session 2: Building Materials and the Environment

1. Materials and the Supply ChainSession 2: Building Materials and the Environment

2. SESSION 2 - OBJECTIVES By the end of this session, you will be able to: • Demonstrate the environmental impacts ofbuilding material choices for reconstruction projects • Apply the principles of the 3 Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle) to building material selection Mod 5 Ses 2

3. Application to you: What you can do in your role as program officer, project planner, or funder to achieve the aims of environmentally sustainable materials selection in reconstruction programs. Mod 5 Ses 2

4. Two tools to inform selection of building materials • Life Cycle Analysis • Environmental Impact Assessment Mod 5 Ses 2

5. Building/ Maintaining Demo/ disposal Extraction Processing Transport Colin Beatie UN Photo/Jawad Jalali Colin Beatie Colin Beatie Colin Beatie Tool 1: Life Cycle Analysis The Cradle to Cradle Life of a Brick Every step requires energy, and has an environmental cost Mod 5 Ses 2

6. Extraction / Photo by colin-beattie.blogspot.com Mining the clay destroys habitat and consumes energy Mod 5 Ses 2

7. Processing Six large trees are needed to fire approximately 10,000 bricks – for 1 small house. UNEP photo - A brick kiln at Abu Shouk camp in Northern Darfur Mod 5 Ses 2

8. Transport Strangecosmos.com Fuel is consumed in the transportation to the site Mod 5 Ses 2

9. Building / Maintaining UN Photo/Jawad Jalali Construction Workers in Kabul build a brick wall for a new building. Mod 5 Ses 2

10. Demolition/disposal/reuse…Back to the cradle UN HABITAT photo Tsunami destruction in Banda Aceh, Indonesia – how easy is it to reuse the bricks for reconstruction? Mod 5 Ses 2

11. This applies to all building materials, what are the energy costs associated with the “life” of this nipa palm roofing thatch? Images from www.pacificworlds.com Mod 5 Ses 2

12. Embodied Energy… ...the energy used in the work of making a product. It is an accounting methodology which aims to find the sum total of the energy necessary for an entire product lifecycle: extraction, transport, installation, etc. Expressed as mega joules of energy needed to make a kilogram of product:Mj/kg Mod 5 Ses 2

13. Photo by Colin Beatie Embodied Energy A brick is not just a brick. It also represents…. 8.4 Mj per brick of embodied energy in the UK -- as determined by the Inventory of Carbon & Energy (ICE) of the University of Bath website (https://wiki.bath.ac.uk). 13 Mod 5 Ses 2

14. Quick Practice with EE Let’s build a wall……choosing the materials with the lowest EE, your choices are: • Common Bricks • Soil Cement Bricks • Concrete • Concrete Block • Timber – Sawn Hardwood • Timber – Sawn Softwood • Particle Board or • Plywood Colin Beatie Mod 5 Ses 2

15. EXAMPLE VALUES FROM THE ICE CHART OF EE VALUES Mod 5 Ses 2

16. Which material has the LOWEST EE? Mod 5 Ses 2

17. Which material has the HIGHEST EE? Is this all you need to know to decide which material to choose? Mod 5 Ses 2

18. Analysis… • Which are the materials with the lowest embodied energy from the ICE chart? • What does this mean in practical terms? • What else do you need to know to use this approach successfully? Mod 5 Ses 2

19. Why is the concept of embodied energy relevant to us? Mod 5 Ses 2

20. Tool 2: Environmental Impact Assessment • A brick is not just a brick – environmental effects will be different for different groups or locations or ecosystems Local population Earth, air and water Homeowners Wildlife and plants Artisans and builders Mod 5 Ses 2

21. http://www.speak.org.uk/files/images/Deforestation_2e.img_assist_custom.jpghttp://www.speak.org.uk/files/images/Deforestation_2e.img_assist_custom.jpg Assess who is affected Wood harvesting leading to deforestation Mod 5 Ses 2

22. Assess what is affected Collection of traditional building materials at an unsustainable rate affects the ability for some species to regenerate and destroys habitat for other species. Mod 5 Ses 2

23. Assess where are the effects? UNEP photo – S. Rocha Mod 5 Ses 2

24. Environmental Impact Assessment Tools • See Module 3 Environmental Impact Assessment Tools and Techniques • Environmental Stewardship Review for Humanitarian Aid (WWF & American Red Cross) • Annex VIII Project Environmental Review Record, UNEP, SKAT Mod 5 Ses 2

25. Three R Analysis Reduce Reuse Recycle 25 Mod 5 Ses 2

26. REDUCE Total Material Amounts • Design for minimum response in terms of materials consumed. Put simply – use the least (but still acceptable) amount of materials in order to ensure the least cost and damage to the community and environment. • Choose materials with lower embodied energy • Buy materials with least inherent waste in their use • Train workers/ artisans to minimize waste during construction Mod 5 Ses 2

27. RECYCLE • Recycle damaged materials where possible • Use or buy materials with a high recycled content percentage Mod 5 Ses 2

28. REUSE: The Gift of Rubble UNEP photo – Indonesia Tsunamoi aftermath Mod 5 Ses 2

29. Exercise: How can we put these materials to good use? • Green waste, such as trees and shrubs • Concrete and asphalt • Metal • Brick • Dirt • Many materials can be recovered and re-used for their original purpose (bent roofing sheets) Mod 5 Ses 2

30. Wrong design - Wasted materials http://www.conceptrends.com Mod 5 Ses 2

31. Overall Resource Efficiency Environmentally-aware planners consider: • Include environmental factors when conducting benefit-cost analyses for material selection and procurement options. • Design to use fewer materials (and those with lower embodied energy). • Use local sources – where this can be done in a sustainable way. • Use materials with recycled content (e.g., fly ash) • Consider disaster debris as a construction material • Support only sustainable or legal sourcing of materials (e.g., use of legal timber). • Train workers/ artisans to minimize waste during construction Mod 5 Ses 2

32. Reduce Recycle Reuse 3-R Analysis in Practice Applications – What can you do in your role as funder, project planner, or program officer to achieve these aims of materials selection in reconstruction programs? 32 Mod 5 Ses 2

33. LUNCH Mod 5 Ses 2