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L I P I D S II

L I P I D S II. Simple Lipids. Neutral fats and oils Monoacyl glycerols (monoglycerides) Diacyl glycerols (diglycerides) Triacyl glycerols (triglycerides) Triglycerides found in seeds and animal adipose tissue Triacyl glycerols (triglycerides) Lipid storage form

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L I P I D S II

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  1. L I P I D S II

  2. Simple Lipids • Neutral fats and oils • Monoacyl glycerols (monoglycerides) • Diacyl glycerols (diglycerides) • Triacyl glycerols (triglycerides) • Triglycerides found in seeds and animal adipose tissue • Triacyl glycerols (triglycerides) • Lipid storage form • Where in the body? Adipocytes!! • Most lipids consumed are triglycerides

  3. I- Triglycerides • Most common structure in dietary lipids • Composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids connected by an ester bond (bond between an alcohol and and organic acid) • Fatty acids may be same or mixed Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Glycerol Fatty Acid

  4. Triacyl glycerol (triglyceride)

  5. II- Waxes • Waxes are also esters like fats • Use one alcohol instead of glycerol • Esters of: • Long-chain fatty acid • Long-chain alcohol • The longer the chains, the higher the melting point • Protects the skin of plants and fur of animals • Examples of waxes include: • Carnuba, from Brasilian wax palm • Beeswax

  6. Complex Lipids -Phospholipids • Two primary types: • Glycerophosphatides • Backbone structure is glycerol • Part of cell membranes, chylomicrons, lipoproteins • Sphingophosphatides • Backbone structure is sphingosine • Part of sphingomyelin

  7. Glycerophospholipids(phosphoglycerides), are common constituents of cellular membranes. They have a glycerol backbone. Hydroxyls at C1 & C2 are esterified to fatty acids. The C3 hydroxyl is esterified to Pi Glycerophospholipids

  8. Glycerophospholipids In most glycerophospholipids (phosphoglycerides), Pi is in turn esterified to OH of a polarhead group (X): e.g., serine, choline, ethanolamine, glycerol, or inositol. The 2 fatty acids tend to be non-identical. They may differ in length and/or the presence/absence of double bonds.

  9. Phosphatidylinositol: • With inositol as polar head group, is one glycerophospholipid. • In addition to being a membrane lipid, phosphatidylinositol has roles in cell signaling.

  10. Phosphatidylcholine (Lecithin): • With choline as polar head group. • It is a common membrane lipid.

  11. Each glycerophospholipid includes • a polar region: glycerol, carbonylO of fatty acids, Pi, & the polar head group (X) • non-polar hydrocarbon tails of fatty acids (R1, R2).

  12. Phospholipids … • Significant use in feed industry as emulsifiers • Lipids form emulsion in water • Phospholipid sources: • Liver, egg yolk, • Soybeans, wheat germ • Peanuts

  13. Sphingolipids: are derivatives of the lipid sphingosine, which has a long hydrocarbon tail, and a polar domain that includes an amino group. The amino group of sphingosine can form an amide bond with a fatty acid carboxyl, to yield a ceramide. In the more complex sphingolipids, a polar “head group" is esterified to the terminal hydroxyl of the sphingosine moiety of the ceramide.

  14. Sphingomyelin has a phosphocholine or phosphethanolamine head group. Sphingomyelins are common constituent of plasma membranes Sphingomyelin, with a phosphocholine head group, is similar in size and shape to the glycerophospholipid phosphatidyl choline.

  15. Complex Lipids - Glycolipids • Carbohydrate component in structure • Cerebrosides & gangliosides • Medullary sheaths of nerves; white matter of brain

  16. A cerebroside is a sphingolipid (ceramide) with a monosaccharide such as glucose or galactose as polar head group. A ganglioside is a ceramide with a polar head group that is a complex oligosaccharide, including the acidic sugar derivative sialic acid. Cerebrosides and gangliosides, collectively called glycosphingolipids, are commonly found in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer.

  17. Sphingolipid Storage Diseases

  18. Cardiolipids A polyglycerol phospholipid; makes up 15% of total lipid-phosphorus content of the myocardium – associated with the cell membrane Cardiolipids are antigenic and as such are used in serologic test for syphilis (Wasserman test).

  19. PL GL TAG GPL SL SL FA S FA FA C MS/OS P A TAG: triacylglycerol PL: phospholipids GPL: glycerophospholipid G: glycerol FA: fatty acid P: phosphate A: alcohol SL: sphingolipid C: choline GL: glycolipid S: sphingosine MS/OS: monosaccharide/oligosaccharide Storage (neutral) Membrane (polar) G FA P

  20. ABDULLATIF TAHA ABDULLADep. Of BIOCHEMISTRY سبحانك لا علم لنا إلا ما علمتنا * إنك أنت العليم الحكيم 0

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