“The Roots of Imperialism”

1. “The Roots of Imperialism”

2. The Causes of Imperialism • Imperialists Seek Economic Benefits • Imperialism: the economic and political domination by a strong country over a weaker one • Extractive Economies: Country who’s raw materials are taken by imperial country-most benefit is to “home” country • Protectorate: a country which is technically independent but is under the control of another

3. Imperialists Stress Military Strength • Alfred T. Mahan: Wrote: Influence of Sea Power Upon History • Imperialists Believe in National Superiority • Anglo-Saxonism: the argument that English speaking nations were superior to others • Josiah Strong: Minister who sent missions to “civilize” world • Social-Darwinism: Life is a competition and only “fittest” survive • Frederick Jackson Turner: Open west was “safety valve” for tension in U.S. Now that west was settled, Americans needed new valve

4. U.S. Power Grows in the Pacific • Perry Opens Japan • Matthew C. Perry (1853) ordered by President Pierce to force trade between the US and Japan • Succeeds when Japanese sees size of fleet as a threat • Seward Purchases Alaska (1867) from Russia for $7.2 Million

5. U.S. Influence Grows in Latin America • James G. Blaine • Pan-Americanism: US and Latin America working together • 1889 Pan-American conference • Customs union • Reduce tariffs • Latin countries refused to do these but agreed to create the Commercial Bureau of American Republics (later called the Organization of American States – OAS)

6. The United States Acquires Hawaii • Why Hawaii? • Sugarcane • Pineapple • Hawaii is exempt from sugar tariffs • Tensions mount between planters and Hawaiians over new constitution • McKinley Tariff makes Hawaiian sugar more expensive than American sugar

7. Hawaii’s economy suffers • Queen Liliuokalani takes throne 1891 • Tries to change constitution in 1892 • Planters back movement to overthrow Queen • Aided by the Marines, Planters force Queen Liliuokalani to abdicate the throne (1883) • President Cleveland tries to restore Queen to throne • Senate refuses to ratify treaty • 1898 US annexes Hawaii (After Spanish-American War Began)

9. The Spanish-American War • Causes of the War • The Cuban Rebellion Begins • 1895 Cuban rebels declare independence • José Martí, Cuban exile who tried to gain support while living in NYC

10. The “Yellow” Press Inflames Opinion • William Randolph Hearst, New York Journal • Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, Spanish Ambassador • One of his letters published in New York Journal enrages the nation • Jingoism: Aggressive Nationalism • Joseph Pulitzer, The World • Competition to increase circulation of their newspapers • Yellow Journalism: exaggerated, sensationalist, often false stories made up to sell more papers • Led to many Americans supporting Cuba

11. The Maine Blows Up! Maine explosion: 1898 • 266 dead, • Many blamed Spain

12. American Troops Battle the Spanish • The United States Takes the Philippines • George Dewey leads squadron into Manila Bay • Emilio Aguinaldo, a Filipino revolutionary leader starts a guerrilla war against Spain after being contacted by President McKinley • Thinks American troops are there to assist him • Leads to hostilities been Filipinos and Americans

13. American Forces Battle in Cuba • “Rough Riders” land in Cuba led by Leonard Wood and second in command Theodore Roosevelt • Kettle Hill, Rough Riders accompanied by all African American regiment of the 9th and 10th cavalry (many of which were volunteers) • Spanish surrender and on August 12, 1898 Spain and the U.S. agree to a cease-fire

15. Effects of the War • Treaty of Paris • Cuba given freedom • U.S. takes control of Guam and Puerto Rico • U.S. trying to determine what to do with the Philippines

16. The Debate Over Annexation • Imperialists wanted to annex the Philippines • Teach the uncivilized people how to live properly (McKinley) • Free the oppressed • Anti-Imperialists • Andrew Carnegie • Imperialism costs would outweigh the economic gains • Jane Addams • Annexation would be against American principles • Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain) • Annexation would be against American principles • Samuel Gompers • Worried about competition for jobs and drive down wages

17. Filipinos Rebel Against American Rule • Emilio Aguinaldo calls for troops to attack Americans: Insurrection: rebellion • Guerilla Warfare: non-traditional small arms combat: Aguinaldo captured 1901 • *5,000 Americans and 200,000 Filipinos die

18. General Arthur MacArthur • (Douglas MacArthur’s father) • Sets up re-concentration camps to separate guerilla warriors from civilians • Thousands die from starvation and disease

19. Reforms lead to promise of “Self-rule”…eventually • William Howard Taft, 1st US civilian governor • tried to reform education, transportation and healthcare • Building railroads, bridges, telephone lines to strengthen the economy • Public schools • 1946 Philippines gain independence from the U.S.

20. The U.S. Pursues Interests in China • Theodore Roosevelt’s Rise to Power • President McKinley asked Teddy to run as his Vice President in 1900 • The Election of 1900 • McKinley vs. William Jennings Bryan • “Four More Years of the Full Dinner Pail” • 9/6/1901 Leon Czogosz, shoots McKinley • Teddy (age 42) takes office • Roosevelt Becomes President • Believed the US had a duty to shape the less civilized corners of the world • Wanted the US to be a world power

21. America Declares Equal Trade in China • Exports to China increased 4x • The Open Door Policy: John Hay • “Sphere of Influence”: a section of a country where one foreign nation enjoys special rights and powers • Open Door Policy: a policy that allows each foreign nation in China to trade freely in the other nations’ spheres of influence

22. The Boxer Rebellion • Chinese movement to rid themselves of foreign control • Group members attacked foreign embassies in Beijing • U.S. retains access to Chinese exports due to Secretary of State John Hay’s urging of foreign powers to accept compensation for damages rather than attack China and break it into colonies

23. Tensions Rise Between America and Japan • Negotiating peace between Japan and Russia, aided by outcome of Boxer Rebellion Russo-Japanese War • Roosevelt won Nobel Peace Prize 1906 • Japan and US relations wither • Anti-Asian Protests in U.S. (Gentleman’s Agreement) • Great White Fleet voyage • Increased tensions rather than elevating them

24. The Great White Fleet

25. U.S. Policy in Puerto Rico and Cuba • Foraker Act • Puerto Rico becomes an unincorporated territory • Puerto Ricans not US citizens • Puerto Ricans did not have constitutional rights • Congress could pass any laws they wanted in regards to Puerto Rico • Slowly gain “self governance” • 1917 Puerto Ricans become US citizens • 1947 hold elections for governor • Debate on statehood, commonwealth, or independence still a heated topic today

26. U.S. Policy in Puerto Rico and Cuba • McKinley makes promises • Eventual independence for Cuba • Own constitution

27. Platt Amendment • Stipulations • Cuba cannot make treaties with other countries which would weaken its independence • Cuba must allow the US to buy or lease naval stations in Cuba • Cuba’s debts had to be kept low to stop possible foreign collectors from landing on the island • US had the right to intervene to protect Cuba’s independence and to keep order • Cubans rejected it at first, later change their minds • Repealed in 1934

28. Roosevelt Pursues “Big Stick” Diplomacy • A Growing Presence in the Caribbean • “Speak softly and carry a big stick” Policy • The Panama Canal • Hay-Pauncefote Treaty • Revolt in Panama • Rid of Columbian influence • Panama becomes independent • Signs treaty with US to build canal

29. The Roosevelt Corollary: To Monroe Doctrine • The U.S. should and would intervene in Latin American affairs when needed to maintain economic and political stability-------------------------------------- • 1st applied in the Dominican Republic • Latin American countries resent involvement

30. Dollar Diplomacy: William Howard Taft • Taft’s policy, which follows T. Roosevelt’s • Substituted dollars for bullets • Nicaragua got both bullets and money

31. Moral diplomacy: Woodrow Wilson • U.S. Should promote human rights and opportunity • “…never again seek one additional foot of territory by conquest” • Francisco “Poncho” Villa: Pursued by U.S. troops for an attack on Americans that left 18 dead

32. United States extends its influence in Asia? • America’s decision to keep the Philippines helped expand U.S. influence, compete with European colonial powers, gain Asian markets, and extend American culture to the people of Asia. • Imperialism in East Asia brought greater power and wealth to Americans, but it also increased political tensions in Asia.

33. Following the Spanish-American War, the United States decided to retain possession of the Philippines. • This angered Filipino nationalists like Emilio Aguinaldo who had fought aside the Americans to oust Spain. • Aguinaldo used guerrilla warfare (non-traditional warfare involving small bands of fighters that attacked behind American lines) in an organized insurrection (a rebellion) against the United States.

34. The American military used extraordinary measures to crush the rebellion: • One commander, General Jacob Smith, even told his men, “the more you kill and burn, the better you will please me.” • Brutality was defended in the American press with racist statementssuch as, “they must yield before the superior race.” The U.S. reacted withbrutality and racism. Villages were burned and suspected “insurrectos” shot.

35. 1901 - Americans captured Aguinaldo, which marked the beginning of the end of the insurrection. • The U.S. spent over $400 million to defeat the Filipino insurgency • 5,000 Americans were killed • 200,000 Filipinos were killed

36. In 1901 the insurrection ended and William Howard Taftwas appointed governor of the Philippines. Taft wanted to help the Philippines and gain support of the Filipino people: 1. He censored the press and jailed dissidents 2. He established a health care system 3. He staffed schools 4. He built roads and bridges 5. He extended limited self-rule

37. 1916 ~ Congress passed the Jones Act • This act pledged that the Philippines would ultimately gain their independence

38. By 1899 China had fallen into political, economic and military disarray! • In 1899, China was being exploited by European powers.

39. Britain, France, Germany, and Russia each carved out spheres of influence or zones in which they enjoyed special access to ports and markets • Japan also joined in and expanded its’ regional influence – grabbing territories in China and Korea

40. American trade with China was now threatened because the U.S. did not have a “zone” • U.S. Secretary of State John Hay announced that the U.S. expected “equality of treatment for commerce in China.” • This Open Door Policy • guided future U.S. actions.

41. In 1900, Chinese secret societies began attacking foreigners and missionaries.These secret societies celebrated traditional Chinese customs and criticized westerns ways, including Christianity

42. A violent Chinese secret society named The Righteous & Harmonious Fists were nicknamed the “Boxers” because of their martial arts training. • The Boxers killed foreign missionaries and besieged the foreign diplomats’ district in Beijing • This was known as the • Boxer Rebellion

43. A multinational force from the U.S., Europe, and Japan, put down this Boxer Rebellion. • The Chinese government was forced to pay for damages done during the rebellion. • This raised nationalist anger and contributed to a 1911 revolt against the Emperor.

45. It eventually took 20,000 soldiers, including 2,000 Americans, like these marching through China’s Forbidden City, to put down the Boxer Rebellion.

46. Japan also opposed European interference in China, especially by Russia. • In 1904, Japan attackeda Russian fleet at Port Arthur in China. • Japan began to take lands in Manchuria, which caused more that 100,000 Russian casualties

47. The resulting Russo-Japanese Warwas resolved by Theodore Roosevelt at a conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire with representatives from Japan and Russia. • In 1905, Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his role, demonstrating America’s new stature in the world.

48. America entered into troubled relations with Japan.Anti-Asian prejudice, especially on the West Coast, disrupted relations with Japan. • The San Francisco School Board banned Asian students from attending classes with white students, Japan was insulted. • President Roosevelt disapproved the segregation and understood why Japan was angry.

49. Roosevelt negotiated a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” in which the school board removed the ban and in exchange,Japan limited emigration to the U.S.