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Church Reform and The Crusades Chapter 14 section 1 page 341. Reform- what does this mean?. Reform- the improvement or amendment of what is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory social reform; education reform; immigration reform. Age of Faith. A new religious wave spread across Europe.
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Reform- what does this mean? • Reform- the improvement or amendment of what is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory • social reform; education reform; immigration reform
Age of Faith • A new religious wave spread across Europe. • New religious orders were founded. • Monasteries were built. • The church expanded its power and authority.
Major problems in the church • Many village priests married and had families. • Simony- the practice of selling church positions. • Kings were in control of church bishops.
Reforms • Reforms began with the founding of the Benedictine Monastery in 910 at Cluny in France. • Monks strictly followed the Benedictine rule. • Cluny’s reputation for virtue inspired the founding of similar monasteries throughout western Europe.
Benedictine monastery in Cluny, France
Cistercian Monks • In 1098, Cistercian monks were founded. • The Cistercian life of hardship won many followers, helping to bring about further reforms.
Pope Leo IX enforced church laws against simony and the marriage of priests in 1049.
Pope Gregory VII became pope in 1073. He spent time at Cluny and was determined to ‘purify’ the church.
Church reorganized Pope Papal Curia – Group advisors Court - The Curia also acted as a court and developed canon law on matters of marriage, divorce, and inheritance
Tithing • The church collected 1/10 of families’ incomes. • It helped pay for services such as caring for the sick and the poor. • Most hospitals were operated by the church.
Friars • Traveled from town to town preaching and spreading their religion to the locals. • They took vows of • Chastity • Poverty • Obedience • Friars owned nothing and lived by begging.
Founded by Spanish Priest, Dominic Emphasized the importance of study. Many Dominican friars were scholars. Order of Dominicans
Order of Franciscans • Founded by Italian St. Francis de Assisi • Son of rich merchant • Gave up wealth and turned to preaching at age 20 • Placed less importance on scholarship. • Treated all creatures as his spiritual brothers and sisters.
Orders for Women • Some women joined the Dominicans. • Franciscan order for women, known as the Poor Clares • Benedictine convent in Germany • Women were not allowed to travel as preachers. • They lived in poverty and worked to help the poor and sick.
St. Clare “Poor Clares” named after her.
Cathedrals – Cities of God • Evidence of the church’s wealth was seen in the cathedrals. • Between 800-1100, churches were built in Romanesque style. • Round arches • Heavy roof • Thick walls • Pillars • Tiny windows for light
Gothic • A new architectural style developed in the 1100s. • Named after Goth German tribe • Gothic cathedrals thrust upwards towards heaven. • Huge glass stained windows • Vaulted ceilings • Decorated with all the richness people could offer. • Height and light
Cathedral of Chartres France Masterpiece of Gothic architecture Two bell towers Spires pointing towards heaven Pointed, ribbed vaults to support ceiling
Windows of Chartres Told the stories of the Bible Illiterate peasants could learn the stories from the bible through the pictures.
Inside of Beauvais Cathedral
Wars of Conquest • In 1093, The Byzantine Emperor, Alexius Comnenus asked for help against the Muslim Turks. • The Muslim Turks threatened to conquer the capital of Constantinople. • Pope Urban II called for a “holy war” or Crusade to gain control of the Holy Land.
Alexius Comnenus Pope Urban II
Over the next 200 years, many crusades were launched. • The goal of these military expeditions was to recover Jerusalem, the Holy Land, from the Muslim Turks.
50,000 – 60,000 knights became Crusaders. • Battle cry was “God Wills it!” • Few returned
Economic and Religious goals • It was an economic opportunity for younger sons who would not inherit their father’s property • Religious zeal • According to Pope Urban II – if the knights died on the Crusade, they were guaranteed a place in heaven.
Later years, merchants profited by making cash loans to finance the Crusade. • Leased ships for hefty fees to transport armies over the Mediterranean Sea. • Hoped to win key trade routes to India, Southeast Asia, and China from Muslim Traders.
The First Crusade • The Crusaders were not prepared for their holy war in the First Crusade. • They knew nothing of geography, climate, or culture of the Holy Land. • They to capture Jerusalem, but had no strategy • The nobles argued among themselves. • No adequate supply lines.
Finally the Crusaders attacked the city of Jerusalem for a month with 12,000 soldiers (about 1/4th of the original army) • On July 15, 1099, they captured the city. • Four feudal Crusaders states were carved out of this territory, each ruled by a European noble.
Second Crusade • Edessa was re-conquered by the Turks. • In 1187, Jerusalem had fallen to the Muslim leader, Saladin.
Third Crusade • Goal was to recapture Jerusalem • Led by three of Europe’s most powerful monarchs. • French King Phillip Augustus • German Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) • English King Richard the Lionhearted
King Philip II King Richard I Emperor Frederick I
The Legend of Robin Hood • During the third crusade, while Richard the Lionhearted was battling King Saladin, his brother, King John took over the throne of England. • King Richard used much of the royal treasury to fund the third crusade, which left little for England. • King John raised the taxes in England to rebuild the treasury.
The people were overtaxed. Some lost their land and were imprisoned. • Robin Hood was the local hero, who robbed from the rich to feed the poor. • It still debated today, whether or not Robin Hood was a real person.
