Health, Wellness, and Illness Dr. Wajed Hatamleh

1. Chapter 17 Health, Wellness, and Illness Dr. Wajed Hatamleh

2. Learning Outcomes • Identify influences on clients’ definitions of health, wellness, and well-being. • Describe five components of wellness. • Compare the various models of health outlined in this chapter. • Identify variables affecting health status, beliefs, and practices.

3. Learning Outcomes (cont'd) • Describe factors affecting health care adherence. • Differentiate illness from disease and acute illness from chronic illness. • Identify Parsons’ four aspects of the sick role. • Explain Suchman’s stages of illness.

4. Learning Outcomes • Describe the effects of illness on individuals’ and family members’ roles and functions.

5. Health, Wellness, Wellbeing • Many definitions and interpretations • Be familiar with most common aspects of the concepts • Consider how they may be individualized with specific clients

6. Health • Presence or absence of disease • Complete physical, mental, social well-being • Ability to maintain normal roles • Developmental and behavioral potential is realized to the fullest extent possible • Striving toward optimal functioning • Individual perception

7. Wellness • State of well-being • Basic aspects include 5 components: • Self-responsibility • An ultimate goal • A dynamic, growing process • Daily decision-making in areas of nutrition, stress management, physical fitness, preventive health care, and emotional health • Whole being of the individual

8. Figure 17-2 The seven components of wellness.From Wellness: Concepts and Applications, 7th ed. (p. 4), by D. J. Anspaugh, M. H. Hamrick, and F. D. Rosato, 2009, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Reprinted with permission.

9. Physical • Ability to carry out daily tasks • Achieve fitness • Maintain nutrition • Avoid abusing drugs and alcohol or smoking • Practice positive lifestyle habits

10. Divide the students into groups and assign each a component of wellness. • Ask the students to provide examples of wellness behavior in each component.

11. Social • Interact successfully • Develop and maintain intimacy • Develop respect and tolerance for those with different opinions and beliefs

12. Emotional • Ability to manage stress • Ability to express emotion

13. Intellectual • Ability to learn • Ability to use information effectively • Striving for continued growth • Learning to deal with new challenges

14. Spiritual • Belief in some force that serves to unite • Provide meaning and purpose to life • Person’s own morals, values and ethics

15. Occupational • Ability to achieve balance between work and leisure

16. Environmental • Ability to promote health measure that improves • Standard of living • Quality of life • Influences such as food, water, and air

17. Well-being • Subjective perception of vitality and feeling well • Described objectively, experienced, measured • Can be plotted on a continuum

18. Health-Illness Continuum • Measure person’s perceived level of wellness • Health and illness/disease opposite ends of a health continuum

19. Health-Illness Continuum (cont'd) • Move back and forth within this continuum day by day • How people perceive themselves and how others see them will affect where their placement on the continuum

20. Variables Influencing Health Status, Beliefs, and Practices • Internal variables • External variables

21. Variables Influencing Health Status, Beliefs, and Practices • These factors may or may not be under conscious control. • People can usually control their health behaviors and can choose healthy or unhealthy activities. • In contrast, people have little or no choices over their genetic makeup, age, gender, culture, and sometimes their geographical environments

22. Internal Variables • Biologic dimension • genetic makeup, gender, age, and developmental level • Psychologic dimension • mind-body interactions and self-concept • Cognitive dimension • lifestyle choices and spiritual and religious beliefs

23. External Variables • Physical environment • Standards of living • Family and cultural beliefs • Social support networks

24. Health Belief Models • Developed to help determine whether an individual is likely to participate in disease prevention and health promotion activities

25. Health Belief Models (cont'd) • Rosenstock’s and Becker’s Health Belief Models • Individual’s perception • Modifying factors • Likelihood of action

26. Health Care Adherence • Client motivation • Degree of lifestyle change • Perceived severity of health care problem • Value placed on reducing the threat of illness • Ability to understand and perform specific behaviors

27. Health Care Adherence (cont'd) • Degree of inconvenience of the illness itself or of the regimens • Beliefs that the prescribed therapy or regimen will or will not help

28. Health Care Adherence • Complexity, side effects, and duration of the proposed therapy • Cultural heritage, beliefs, or practices that support or conflict with the regimen • Degree of satisfaction and quality and type of relationship with the health care providers • Overall cost of therapy

29. Illness • A highly personal state • Person’s physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual functioning is diminished • Not synonymous with disease • May or may not be related to disease • Only person can say he or she is ill

30. Disease • Alteration in body function • A reduction of capacities or a shortening of the normal life span • Causation of disease is called etiology

31. Acute Illness • Characterized by symptoms of relatively short duration • Symptoms often appear abruptly, subside quickly • May or may not require intervention by health care professionals • Most people return to normal level of wellness

32. Chronic Illness • Lasts for an extended period, usually 6 months or longer • Usually has a slow onset • Often have periods of remissions, when the symptoms disappear and exacerbations, when the symptoms reappear

33. Chronic Illness (cont'd) • Care includes promoting independence, sense of control, and wellness • Learn how to live with physical limitations and discomfort

34. Parson’s Four Aspects of the Sick Role • Rights • Clients are not held responsible for their condition • Clients are excused from certain social roles and tasks

35. Parson’s Four Aspects of the Sick Role (cont'd) • Obligations • Clients are obligated to try to get well as quickly as possible • Clients or their families are obligated to seek competent help

36. Suchman’s Stages of Illness • Stage 1: Symptom experience • Believe something is wrong • Stage 2: Assumption of the sick role • Accepts the sick role and seeks confirmation • Stage 3: Medical care contact • Seeks advice of a health professional

37. Suchman’s Stages of Illness (cont'd) • Stage 4: Dependent client role • Becomes dependent on the professional for help • Stage 5: Recovery or rehabilitation • Relinquish the dependent role • Resume former roles and responsibilities

38. Effects of Illness • Impact on the Client • Behavioral and emotional changes • Self-concept and body image changes • Lifestyle changes

39. Effects of Illness (cont'd) • On the Family • Depends on: • Member of the family who is ill • Seriousness and length of the illness • Cultural and social customs the family follows

40. Impact on the Family • Role changes • Task reassignments • Increased demands on time • Increased stress due to anxiety about outcomes • Conflict about unaccustomed responsibilities • Financial problems

41. Impact on the Family (cont'd) • Loneliness as a result of separation and pending loss • Change in social customs