MENTAL HEALTH

1. MENTAL HEALTH PROJECT

2. Requirements • Mental Health Project • Points • 40 Detailed Outline– must be typed – 1 copy for the teacher and 1 to keep • 10 Bibliography – Cite a minimum of 4 sources (must be reputable) • 50 Oral Presentation – 10-15 minutes • Visual– something that would set the tone for presentation • 20 Neatness

3. Mental Health Project • Information ( You are building a profile on the person) • Identify the subject – Age, Sex, Crime, Expertise, Career, (Background of individual) • Childhood background • Any major historical impact on society (i.e. famine, war, depression) • Any injuries/illnesses • Family abuse (physical and/or mental, molestation, incest) - Case Study • General Behavior Patterns • Habits, quarks , superstitions • Crime – What did they do • Mental Illnesses – Was there a diagnosis or what possible could you conclude • Socio-economic status – Did it play a role and why? •  Tracking • How were they caught • Prior arrests or convictions • Targets of the attacks (sex, race, age) • Time • Stressful situations • Triggers of the event • Reactions afterwards • (Ex./ cry, runaway, scream, fight/flight) • Defense/Outcome • What was used at the trial • Outcome – prison, execution, parole, ect….

4. Project • Philosopher – • What was their expertise • Explain their research • Do you agree or disagree (Research and reaction paper) • You must cite your sources

5. Mental Health Project • Each of you covers and researches a part of the presentation. • Each has your own written report. • Your written report is on your information. • All group members must present during the oral presentation.

6. PSYCHIATRIC HOTLINE • Thank You for calling the Psychiatric Hotline. Your call is important to us. Please select one of the options from the following menu. • If you are obsessive-compulsive please press 1 repeatedly. • If you are co-dependent please ask someone else to press 2 for you. • If you have multiple personalities press 3,4,5, and 6. • If you are paranoid delusional we know who you are and what you want. Just stay on the line so we can trace the call. • If you are schizophrenic listen carefully and a little voice will tell you what number to press. • If you are manic depressive it doesn’t matter what number you press...No one will answer and nobody cares. • If you are delusional and occasionally hallucinate please be aware that the thing you are holding is alive and about to bite off your ear.

7. Define Health Terms • Obsession • Organic Disorder • Paranoia • Phobia • Psychosis • Schizophrenia • Unconscious • Affective Disorder • Anxiety • Catatonia • Compulsion • Delusion • Depression • Functional Disorder • Hallucination • Illusion • Mania • Neurosis

8. Mental Health Terms • Affective Disorder – a mental illness that mainly affects a person’s moods. • Anxiety – a condition of worry, tension, or uneasiness produced by the anticipation of some danger whose source is largely unknown. • Catatonia – refers to a condition in which a person remains completely motionless. • Compulsion – an irresistible impulse to perform a certain action. • Delusion – a false belief that a person maintains in spite of evidence that proves it untrue. • Depression – a mental disorder characterized by feelings of deep sadness, hopelessness, and worthlessness. • Functional Disorder – refers to a mental illness that has no apparent physical cause. • Hallucination – the sensation of something that does not really exist. • Illusion – a distorted perception of reality.

9. Mental Health Terms Con’t • Mania – means a mental disorder that involves extreme optimism and excessive energy, often accompanied by incontrollable irritability and anger. • Neurosis – a mind mental disorder • Obsession – a recurring thought that a person considers senseless or terrible but cannot ignore. • Organic Disorder – a mental illness that results from a physical cause, such as a birth defect, disease, or injury. • Paranoia – a mental condition in which an individual unjustifiably feels threatened by other people. Phobia – a strong, unreasonable fear of a particular object or situation. • Psychosis - a severe mental disorder. • Schizophrenia – a severe mental disorder characterized by unpredictable thoughts and behavior and a withdrawl from reality. • Schizophrenia video • Unconscious – refers to thoughts and feelings that a person is not directly or fully aware of.

10. History • Psychology: Field of study – Why do we behave the way that we do? M.A. or Ph.D. degrees First psychologists were witch doctors using holistic treatments • Ancient Greeks Hippocrates – physician & philosopher; Hippocratic Oath (you shall do no harm) “Father” of psychology

11. Aristotle – mind and body are separate vessels that develop independently Middle Ages “Religious” views pervasive (crusades, persecutions) Treatments included – • Burning at the stake • Stoning • Dunking stool • Drilling holes in head

12. 1600-1700s • Renee Descartes (France) Developed theory that all knowledge/behavior is innate. • Thomas Hobbes and John Locke (England/Scotland) Believe all knowledge was derived from environment; The mind was empty at birth

13. 1800s • Four modern School of Thought: • Gestalt- believe behavior is patterned, not just responsive • Structuralism- physical being and conscious thought developed simultaneously; one affects the other • Behaviorism- behavior influenced by a stimulus /response - Ivan Pavlov-worked with dogs, behavior influenced by ringing bell, stimulate salivation

14. -B.F. Skinner- worked with rats/mice in maze -John Watson- instinctual behavior in animals versus reasoning in humans Psychoanalysis - Sigmund Freud, behavior controlled by a powerful sub-conscious; feelings can be repressed; provided a bridge to a new field called psychiatry

15. Psychiatry • Field of medicine: treatment of mental disorders -must have at least an M.D. to disperse medication -only about 150 years old German psychologists made the bridge from psychoanalysis to psychiatry Sigmund Freud – “Father” of psychiatry Karl Jung – went beyond Freudian stages and started discussion/group therapy Karl Menninger – developed clinical psychiatry; removed patients from dungeons & treated them in modern clinics often as out- patients.

16. Freud’s Theory • Libido – psychoanalytic term referring to instincts and urges that are satisfied pleasurably ( first used by Sigmund Freud) • Stages of Development – emotional problems during the five stages listed can cause lifelong disturbances in personality(Freud) • Oral – infants find pleasure in sucking • Anal – until about age 4; enjoy controlling waste discharge • Phallic – increasingly become aware of sex organs (Kindergarten Cop); susceptible to Oedipus Complex at this stage (attraction to parent of opposite sex) • Latency – more emotionally stable period before adolescents • Adolescence – struggle between child dependency feelings and adult need for independence

17. Modern Treatment Techniques Drug therapy Hypnosis Discussion therapy (group) Electroconvulsive-shock Lobotomy-frontal lobe

18. Chapter 8 Mental Health • Mental Health • having a positive outlook • being comfortable with yourself and others • being able to meet life’s challenges and demands • SIGNS of GOOD mental health (refer to pg 187) • ROADBLOCKS to GOOD mental health • all-or-nothing thinking (learn to accept differences) • expecting the “worst” in others or yourself (look for the good) • being a perfectionist (thinking you can do it all, often leads to failure and frustration) • Letting your actions or words betray your values (stand up for what you believe in and know is right) Promoting a positive self-image (refer to pg. 188)

19. Activity – Write down three adjectives that others might use to describe you and three that you would use to describe yourself. • Make a tracing of your hand on a piece of construction paper and draw 3 things that describe you.

20. Pyramid of Needs (Maslow) • Physical Needs • Emotional Needs • The need to be loved • The need to belong • The need to be valued and recognized • Aesthetic Needs • Artistic needs – appreciation of that which is beautiful • Self – fulfilling Needs • Self – Actualization • The striving to become the best that you can be • Where do you think you fall on Maslow’s hiearchyof needs?

21. List a few different phobias………… • List positive ways of dealing with emotions…..

22. Phobias • A fear of something • Some 3000 Americans were asked “what do you fear most?” What were the top answers. Pg. 200 • Handling emotions in healthful ways • Positive ways of dealing with emotions – Pg. 203 • Dealing healthfully with emotions • Defense Mechanisms – strategies used to deal with strong or stressful emotions and situations

23. Defense Mechanisms • Used to avoid/deal with conflict or excuse/explain behavior • Denial – refusal to accept responsibility • Unconscious, involuntary lack of acknowledgment of something in one’s environment that is obvious to others. • Escape/Fantasy – run away, day dream • Rationalize – make excuses • Projection – blame others • Attributing one’s own feeling or faults to another person or group. • Repression – block out thoughts, purposely forget • Unconscious pushing of unpleasant feelings below the surface and out of conscious thought • Identification – act like someone else • Displacement – express feelings against someone not associated with cause of the feeling • Regression – retreat to “better” time • Reverting, or turning back, to behaviors more charac. Of an earlier stage of development rather than dealing with the conflict in a more mature manner. • Compensation – attempt to make up for something they do not have. Ex./ work hard if not naturally gifted or talented • Sublimation – transform unacceptable into acceptable behavior

24. Defense Mechanism • Conflict can: • make you aware of a problem • Help find out what annoys you • Encourage change • Clear the air • Give you a new perspective • Improve relationships

25. Managing Anger – Page 204 • Ride your emotions the way you would ride a wave, knowing there will be ups and downs but that no emotion can necessarily “wipe you out”. • Handling emotions during tragedies • Maintain your daily routine • Share your feelings • Turn off the news • Channel your energy into a worthwhile cause

26. Qualities That Improve Mental Health Status • Having a positive self concept • Feeling worthwhile and having a positive attitude • Expressing emotions in healthful ways • Asking 4 questions about emotions • 1. What is it that I am feeling? • 2. Why do I feel this way? • 3. What are some ways I might express my feelings? • 4. Which ways of expressing my feelings are healthful? • Setting goals and using self discipline • Working to achieve something • Using intellectual skills • Increasing your ability to know, understand, and reason • Coping with stress • Finding the cause of stress and using stress management skills

27. Chapter 9Managing Stress in Your Life Stress activity • Stress and your well-being • Stress – the body and mind’s reaction to everyday demands or threats. • Types of stress • Distress – negative stress (to much pressure or trauma) • To much homework, running to catch a bus • Eustress – positive stress (helps you to achieve your goals) • Helps to focus and concentrate better • Stressors • Define – any stimulus that produces a stress response • Kinds: • Biological – come from biochemical imbalances, mental or physical illness, disabilities, or injuries • Environmental – poverty, pollution, crowding, noise • Cognitive or thinking – way you perceive a situation or what you expect from it • Life Situations – relative or pet dies, parents separate or divorce, trouble in relationships with peers.

28. Stress • Assignment • 1. Interview someone in each of the following age groups: 13-18, 19-25, 26-35, 36-45, 46-55, and 56 and older. Find out what each person’s greatest stressors are and what he or she does to manage stress. • Draw a conclusion about how stress varies with age. • Due next class

29. The body’s stress response • Two major systems that are active in body’s response to a stressor. • Endocrine system and Nervous system • The bodys’ response happens in three stages • Alarm stage – first stage in the stress response, when the body and mind go on high alert • systems activated • hypothalamus (small nerve center at the base of the brain) is excited • pituitary gland – secretes a hormone that stimulates the adrenal glands which in turn secretes the hormone adrenaline emergency hormone • adrenaline speeds up the body providing more blood to the brain and muscles autonomic nervous system controls involuntary actions

30. Resistance Stage – the second stage in the stress response, when the body tries to repair its damage from the stressful event and return to its normal state. • The stage when tremendous feats can be accomplished. • Fatigue – the third stage of the stress response, resulting in a tired felling that lowers one’s level of activity. • body and mind become worn down • Types of fatigue • Physical –body produces waste products like lactic acid from the muscles and carbon dioxide from the body cells. • Pathological – brought on by overworking the body’s defenses. • Psychological – can result from constant worry, overwork, depression, boredom, and isolation.

31. Stress in Your Life • Stress tolerance –the amount of stress that you can handle before you reach a state of too much stress. • Stress and Personality • Type A –competitive, high achieving personality, most likely to develop heart disease or other significant health problems • Type B –laid back, non-competitive personality type, less likely to suffer from heart disease • Stress is associated with • High blood pressure • Headaches • Asthma • Immune response • Psychosomatic – physical disorder that results from stress rather than from an injury or illness. • Recognize the signs • Physical – headaches, trembling or twitching, migraines • Emotional – frustration, nervousness, boredom, edginess • Mental – trouble reading or thinking clearly, constant worry • Behavioral – not eating, overeating, compulsive talking, verbal or physical outbursts.

32. Do not copy • MIGRAINES ---- often begin with an aura. A series of warning signs that can include seeing flickering lights, spots or lines, ringing in the ears, strange smells, or even numbness in the limbs. The signs normally develop 10-30 min. before the migraine hits. Lasts 4-6 hours or sometimes days.

33. Managing Stress • Identify the problem • Time Management • Set and prioritize goals • Budget your time • Learn to say no • Slow down • Techniques • Re-channel energy • Laugh • Support groups • Time Management • Coping with a Loss pg. 229 • Helping a friend through heartache • Bullying and Teasing in Schools • Pg. 233

34. Visual Perception Impossible Figures

35. Depth, Reversibility, and Figure Completion • When you look at the top figure, your visual system will organize the elements into a box. The box will reverse, as in the Necker Cube illusion. The elements in the bottom figure have terminations and do not readily group into a box figure that shows reversals.

36. Can you guess this woman's age? Keep looking at the picture and see it change

37. Variation on the Rubin Vase/Faces Illusion • Rubin presented a figure similar to the following one in 1915. When you look at the figure you will see either a vase or two faces. If you continue to look, the figure will appear to shift to the alternative organization.

38. In the Hering Illusion two straight lines run in parallel. However, the intersecting radial lines change the appearance of these parallel, straight lines. What occurs in your visual system that could account for the illusory appearance these lines?

39. Fixate on the red appearing dot. The two dimensional drawings give an appearance of three dimensional cubes. Ambiguity exists in the three dimensional information and as you continue to look, you will see a shift. Note which surface appears closest in each cube. Do the cubes shift independently or as a unit? What is the importance of the way that they shift?

40. Stare at the black dot for 30 to 60 seconds. Then quickly change to stare at the white dot. While you are looking at the white dot, the black squares will seem stationary. But, you will also see a fainter grid of moving squares. • Staring at the black dot stimulates one area and 'burns' the grid pattern into one receptive location in your eyes. The fainter, moving grid is an afterimage which results from this 'burning in' at one location. That location moves as your eyes move and shows you eye movements that you may not have previously noticed

41. Eye Illusions - Moving Objects

42. Static Illusion

44. A wonderful moving bicycle illusion

45. Moving circles

46. Ferris wheel

48. Rabbit or a Duck? Find the 9 people in this picture.

49. The upside version of the bottom picture.