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Industry Clusters…

Industry Clusters…. …and Community Planning Scott Sheely Executive Director Lancaster County Workforce Investment Board. Economic Policy, Productivity, and Competitive Advantage. From the work of Michael Porter Harvard University. Sources of Competitive Advantage.

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Industry Clusters…

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  1. Industry Clusters… …and Community Planning Scott Sheely Executive Director Lancaster County Workforce Investment Board

  2. Economic Policy, Productivity, andCompetitive Advantage From the work of Michael Porter Harvard University

  3. Sources of Competitive Advantage • Business environment (taxes, supportive infrastructure); • Location; • Local infrastructure (roads, utilities, communications); • Knowledge base (workforce, education system);

  4. Sources of Competitive Advantage • Local markets; • Intense local rivalry with competing firms; • Variety of local suppliers and other inputs to the core industry; • Skilled local workforce that is attuned to the needs of the industry.

  5. Where Should We Invest Our Public Dollars? • Local industries that have a chance for long-term growth and success because they have some sort of local competitive advantage; • Local industries with a competitive advantage that grow gold-collar (high skill, high pay, high demand) jobs.

  6. What is an Industry Cluster? “A cluster is a geographically proximate group of interconnected companies and associated institutions in a particular field, linked by commonalities and complementarities.” Michael Porter

  7. Cluster Components • End-product or service companies; • Suppliers of specialized inputs, components, machinery, financing and services; • Firms in related and downstream industries (channels, distribution networks, customers); • Producers of complementary products;

  8. Cluster Components • Specialized infrastructure providers; • Government and other institutions providing specialized training, education, information, research, and technical support; • Standards-setting and influential government agencies; • Trade associations and other collective private sector bodies.

  9. Clusters and Competitive Advantage Productivity • Efficient access to information, specialized inputs and employees, institutions, and “public goods” • Achieving complementarities across business • Better incentives and performance measurement Innovation • Ability to perceive and respond to innovation opportunities • Rapid diffusion of improvements

  10. Clusters and Competitive Advantage New Business Formation • Perceiving opportunities for new business • Lowering barriers to entry (including perceived risk) Competition is fundamentally affected by externalities/linkages across firms, industries, and associated institutions

  11. Successful Cluster Initiatives • Shared understanding of competitiveness and the role of clusters; • Private sector led with government participation; • Focus on removing obstacles and easing constraints to cluster upgrading (rather than seeking subsidies or limiting competition; • Encompass (over time) all clusters in a region;

  12. Successful Cluster Initiatives • Appropriate cluster boundaries; • Wide involvement of cluster participants as well as associated institutions; • Attention to personal relationships to facilitate linkages, foster open communications, and build trust; • A bias toward action; • Institutionalized by the private sector.

  13. An Industry Cluster-Based Approach to Conceptualizing Workforce Development • Cluster Definition; • Survey of Occupations; • Understanding Career Ladders; • Mapping of Skills; • Address Barriers and Gaps in System of Skill Acquisition.

  14. Cluster Definition • Quantitative analysis of employment and payroll data; • Qualitative research into the web of relationships in the cluster; • Validation with cluster employers; • Drawing and redrawing the map.

  15. Quantitative Analysis of Employment and Payroll Data “Understanding Your Industries” From the work of Lee Munnich Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs University of Minnesota

  16. Questions to Ask in Analysis of Data • Which industries are growing and which are declining? • What is the importance of an industry to the local economy relative to its importance to the national economy? • How competitive are regional industries when compared to their national counterparts?

  17. The Data Itself • Collected by the PA Department of Labor and Industry… • Employment; • Firms; • Payroll; • Reported out by three and four digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) categories;

  18. The Data Itself • Includes the data from a base year for comparison (1995) and the data from the most current year (2000); • Uses local data and comparable data from national statistics.

  19. Statistical Measures • Employment and change in employment in an industry; • Location quotients and change in location quotients; • Shift share analysis; • Payroll per employee by industry and change in payroll per employee.

  20. Growth or Declinein Employment • Simplest indicator of the health of a industry or sector; • Percentage comparison between base year and current year; • Collect for different levels of aggregation (two, three, or four digit SIC)

  21. Location Quotient • A measure of an industry’s concentration in an area relative to the rest of the nation. • An industry’s share of local employment divided by the industry’s share of national employment.

  22. Meaning of the Location Quotient • If the location quotient is 1, the industry’s share of local employees is the same as the industry’s share nationally; • A location quotient greater than 1 means the industry employs a greater share of the local workforce than the industry employs nationally; • A location quotient between .85 and 1.15 is considered close enough to 1 that it is not significant.

  23. Shift Share Analysis (Local Competitive Advantage) • Calculates what part of local job growth can be attributed to… • Growth in the national economy; • Growth in the sector nationally; • Growth from local competitive advantage as compared to growth nationally. • It does not tell the researcher why the industry added or lost jobs.

  24. Payroll per Employee • One of the simplest measure of the quality of jobs in a given industry; • Payroll by industry divided by employment by industry; • Can be extended to look at payroll per employee over time or in comparison to national payroll per employee figures for the industry.

  25. Analysis of the Data

  26. Filtering and Prioritizing • Increases in employment; • Location quotients in excess of one; • Employment increases as a result of local competitive advantages; • Increases in payroll per employee.

  27. Lancaster County Large Industry Segments • Eating and Drinking Places (581) • Elementary and Secondary Schools (821) • Grocery Stores (541) • Nursing and Personal Care (805) • Hospitals (806) • Commercial Printing (275) • Personnel Supply Services (736) • Trucking and Courier (421) • Offices of Medical Doctors (801) • Commercial Banks (602)

  28. Lancaster County Growth Drivers (CEC) • Grocery Stores (541) • Commercial Printing (275) • Nursing and Personal Care (805) • Motor Vehicles, Parts and Supplies (501) • Air Transportation (451) • Department Stores (531) • Electronic Components (367)* • Medical Instruments (384)* • Dairy Products (202) • Offices of Medical Doctors (801)

  29. Lancaster CountyGrowth Drivers (CEC) • Telephone Communications (481) • Groceries and Related Products (514) • Producers, Orchestras, Entertainers (792) • Automotive Repair Shops (753) • Advertising (731) • Real Estate Operators (651) • Misc. General Merchandise Stores (539) • Periodical Printing (272) • Millwork, Plywood and Structural (243) • Services to Buildings (734)

  30. Linking and Conceptualizing • Do the high performers relate to one another in any way? • What do the high performers look like in the context of a cluster as defined by Porter? • What does the cluster itself look like?

  31. Lancaster County Industry Clusters • Health Care • Construction • Food Processing • Communications • Biotechnology • Metals and Metal Fabricating • Automotive

  32. Health Care Industries • Long-term Care • Acute Care • Mental Health and Mental Retardation • Outpatient and Private Practice • Wholesale and Retail • Insurance

  33. Health Care Employment • Grew 2,520 jobs or 12.9% since 1995 • Average earnings of $30,149 • 4% less concentrated than US average • 22,030 is 10.1% of Lancaster County employment in 2000

  34. Health Care Key Segments • Nursing and personal care facilities (805) (very high employment, high LQ, and high CEC) • Hospitals (806) (very high employment) • Offices of medical doctors (801) (high growth in employment, high CEC)

  35. Health Care Top Occupations • Nursing Aides • Registered Nurses • Licensed Practical Nurses • Physicians and Surgeons • Home Care Aides • Medical Secretaries • Dental Hygienists and Assistants • Residential Counselors • Lab Technologists

  36. Construction Industries • Contractors • Building Supply Manufacturing • Real Estate • Engineering and Architectural Services

  37. Construction Employment • 26,505 is 12.1% of Lancaster County employment in 2000 • Grew 5,184 jobs or 24% since 1995 • Average earnings of $34,491 • 23% more concentrated than US average

  38. Construction Key Segments • Residential and non-residential building construction (152, 154) (high employment and high LQ) • Plumbing, heating, and air conditioning (171) (high employment and high LQ) • Masonry, stonework, and plastering (174) (high employment and high LQ) • Millwork, plywood and structures (243) (high employment, high LQ, and moderate CEC) • Household and public building furniture (251, 253) (high LQ)

  39. Construction Top Occupations • Carpenters • Plumbers • Electricians • Assemblers and Fabricators • Brickmasons • Painters • Brickmason and Carpenter Helpers • Cost Estimators • HVAC Mechanics

  40. Food Processing Industries • Agricultural Production • Agricultural Services • Processing of Food • Wholesale Food Distribution

  41. Food Processing Employment • 15,933 is 7.3% of Lancaster County employment in 2000 • Grew 673 jobs or 4.4% since 1995 • Average earnings of $32,061 • 90% more concentrated than US average

  42. Food Processing Key Segments • Poultry and eggs (025) (high LQ) • Veterinary and other animal services (074, 075) (high LQ) • Meat products (201) (high employment, high LQ, and moderate CEC) • Dairy products (202) (high employment, very high LQ, and high CEC) • Grain mill products (204) (high employment, very high LQ)

  43. Food Processing Key Segments • Bakery products (205) (high employment and very high LQ) • Sugar and confectionary products (206) (high employment and very high LQ) • Grocery distribution (514) (high employment, high LQ, and high CEC)

  44. Food Processing Top Occupations • Packaging Machine Operators • Agricultural Workers • Truck Drivers • Freight Movers • Industrial Machine Mechanics • Bakers • Precision Food Workers • Sales Representatives • Food Batchmakers

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