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World War 1

World War 1. Lecture 30. USA Enters WW1. Zimmerman Note Proposal for secret German-Mexican alliance Promise to help Mexico regain TX, NM, AZ from USA Germany returns to unrestricted sub warfare Sinks 4 unarmed American merchant ships Wilson asks for Declaration of War – April 2, 1917

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World War 1

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  1. World War 1 Lecture 30

  2. USA Enters WW1 • Zimmerman Note • Proposal for secret German-Mexican alliance • Promise to help Mexico regain TX, NM, AZ from USA • Germany returns to unrestricted sub warfare • Sinks 4 unarmed American merchant ships • Wilson asks for Declaration of War – April 2, 1917 • War to end all Wars; Make the world safe for democracy

  3. Fourteen Points • Wilson’s Plan for World Peace • Abolish secret treaties • Freedom of the seas • Removal of economic barriers • Reduction of arms • Self-determination (democracy) …. #14-League of Nations–international peace organization

  4. Loyalty • Propaganda turns Americans against Germans • Espionage Act 1917 / Sedition Act 1918 • Target German-Americans, socialists, anti-war, unions • Any criticism of the gov’t could be punished • Violation of 1st Amd. – free speech • Schenck v. U.S. (1919) • Free speech can be revoked if poses clear & present danger

  5. Work or Fight • Labor needed to win the War • Gov’t pressures for 8 hr day & higher wages • Won’t recognize labor’s right to organize unions • Pittsburgh Steel Strike - 1919 • Greatest strike in American history (failed) • Steel company uses black workers as strike breakers • Race Riots in Chicago • Northward migration of blacks to factories = tensions

  6. Women • Women’s movement supports war effort • Democracy abroad is best chance for democracy at home • Women workers get jobs in factories • Wilson supports women’s suffrage • “A vitally necessary war measure” • 19th Amendment passed in 1920

  7. Supporting the War • Herbert Hoover & Food Administration • Voluntary rationing & Victory Gardens • Liberty Bonds • Loans to the government to support war effort • Symbol of patriotism • Drafting Doughboys • All men age 18 – 45; can’t buy your way out • Also women and blacks (though no combat)

  8. Fighting WW1 • Russia Exits – USA Enters • USA slow to mobilize; 1 year for troops to reach France • USA’s Main Contributions • Food, weapons, oil, threat of unlimited manpower • Not victories (USA only participated in 2 battles) • Germany overwhelmed & exhausted • Kaiser Wilhelm II forced to step down • Germany signs armistice on Nov 11, 1918

  9. Wilson & Peace • The Big Four • Wilson(USA), Orlando(Italy), George(GB), Clemenceau(France) • Idealism v Imperialism: Wilson compromises to get “League” • Republican Senate opposes the League • Article X: deprives Congress of power to declare war • Want USA to remain isolationist; fear entangling alliances • Were not invited to be part of the peace delegation • Wilson appeals to American public • collapses from exhaustion; has a stroke

  10. Treaty Fails • Senator Henry Cabot Lodge • Attaches “14 Reservations” to the Treaty • Wants to preserve American sovereignty • Wilson-Lodge Feud • Wilson refuses to compromise • Instructs Democrats to vote “No” on treaty • Election of 1920 • Election will decide fate of Treaty of Versailles • Republicans Win; Treaty Fails; USA will not join League

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