Proteins

1. Proteins • Most abundant organic molecules in the body and have the widest variety of functions. • (ex: framework for hair, transporting oxygen in the blood) • _____________ (speed) up reactions occurring in the body. • Organize and facilitate all metabolic processes. • Made of_____, _____, _____, and nitrogen (can also include sulfur, iron, or phosphorus) • Building blocks of proteins are ___________ ________. • The amino acid sequence is what makes each protein unique and defines the protein’s function. • Central carbon is attached to hydrogen atom, an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a side chain. • Side chain defines the amino acid

2. PROTEINS • 20 different amino acids used by the body: • Alanine, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartic acid, Cysteine, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Proline, Serine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Valine • Amino acids link together via dehydration synthesis reactions. • Carboxyl group of one amino acid links with the amino group of another amino acid via a peptide bond. • _____peptide: 2 amino acids • _____peptide: 3 amino acids in a chain • _____peptide: 10 or more amino acids in a chain • __________: 100+ amino acids chained together

3. Structure of Proteins • Shape of protein directly determines its function. • Structure is described in four levels: • _________ Structure-sequence and number of amino acids that link together to form the peptide chain. • ____________ Structure- the natural bend of parts of the peptide chain as it is formed in three dimensions. • _____________ Structure- overall shape of a single protein molecule. • ______________Structure- when two or more tertiary structures join to form a complex macromolecule.

4. Structural Proteins • Stable, rigid, water-insoluble proteins with a long, stringy shape that are used for adding _____________ to tissues or cells. • Aka ___________ proteins • Important in structural framework and physical movement. • Examples include: • collagen, fibrin, and keratin Functional Proteins • Generally water-soluble with a 3-D, convoluted shape that can change under different circumstances. • Aka ____________ proteins • Important in chemical reactions, transport of molecules, regulation of metabolism, and immune system. • Examples include: • Hormones, Antibodies, Protein-based hormones, Enzymes

5. Enzymes • Functional proteins that ___________ or speed up chemical reactions. • Will end in –ase • Enzymes speed up a chemical reaction without being destroyed or altered. • Enzymes are specific to the reaction that they cataylze and to the ______________ that the enzyme acts upon. • Fit like a lock and key

6. Nucleic Acids • Largest molecules of the body • Composed of ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___ • 2 classes of Nucleic Acids • _______________________________ (DNA) • Exists mainly in the nucleus but also mitochondria. • Contains all instructions needed by cell to build proteins. • Instructions determine the shape and function of every living organism • Coded in segments called __________ • _______________________________ (RNA) • Transfers the instructions out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm and builds proteins. • Exists as mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.

7. Nucleotides • The molecular building blocks of nucleic acids. • 5 different nucleotides, but all have the same basic structure: sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base. • Are all composed of a 5-Carbon pentose sugar. • Sugar in DNA is _____________. • Sugar in RNA is _____________. • Nucleotides are named for their nitrogen base. • Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), (Thymine), and Uracil (U) • A,G,C = DNA & RNA T = DNA only U = RNA only

8. Nucleic Acids • Information needed to produce proteins is based on order of the nucleotides in DNA and RNA. • A gene is a sequence of nucleotides that carries the information to make one peptide chain. • Longchains of genes are combined with proteins to form _________________.

9. DNA • Consists of two parallel strands of the nucleotides adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. • Connected by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases of the nucleotides. • Adenine/Thymine and Cytosine/Guanine • Once bound, these two strands twist around one another to form a double ___________. • Order of nucleotides is what makes the genetic code of each individual unique. • This code is carried in the nucleus of every cell in the body

10. RNA • Consists of only one strand of nucleotides. • Does not have thymine, but instead has uracil. • Pairings are: • Guanine/ Cytosine • Adenine/ Uracil • Exists in three forms: • tRNA- _____________ RNA • Copies information in the DNA molecule • mRNA- ____________ RNA • Carries information out of the nucleus • rRNA- _____________ RNA • Creates the proteins needed by the body

11. ATP • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) = energy currency of the cells. • Cells need ATP to fuel any work that they do. • ATP is an RNA nucleotide containing the nitrogenous base adenine with two additional phosphate groups attached. • The bonds between the phosphate groups are called high-energy bonds. • When bonds between phosphate groups are broken, energy is released. • When phosphate group is lost, resulting molecule is adenosine diphosphate (ADP). • When a subsequent phosphate is lost, the resulting molecule is adenosine monophosphate (AMP)