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CH 3 Biological Molecules (Biomolecules)

CH 3 Biological Molecules (Biomolecules). Biochemistry Review. Elements are substances that cannot be broken down or converted into another substance They are composed of atoms which are the smallest units of matter (recall the levels of organization). Biochemistry Review.

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CH 3 Biological Molecules (Biomolecules)

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  1. CH 3 Biological Molecules(Biomolecules)

  2. Biochemistry Review • Elements are substances that cannot be broken down or converted into another substance • They are composed of atoms which are the smallest units of matter (recall the levels of organization)

  3. Biochemistry Review • An atom is composed of a nucleus, an electron cloud, and 3 subatomic particles: • Protons (p+) • Neutrons (n0) • Electrons (e-) • Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of an atom and electrons in the electron cloud Electron cloud Nucleus p+ n0 e-

  4. Section 3.1Carbon in Biomolecules

  5. Carbon & Biomolecules • Molecules are particles composed of atoms (from elements) held together by chemical bonds • Classified as organic and inorganic • Organic molecules are important because they are general types of molecules that all living organisms synthesize and use; they are essential for life

  6. Carbon & Biomolecules • The term “organic” describes molecules that contains the element carbon (C) and some hydrogen atoms • “Inorganic” molecules are all molecules that do not contain carbon, with the exception of carbon dioxide (CO2)

  7. Carbon & Biomolecules • Although they have a common structure and function, the tremendous variety of organic molecules contributes to the diversity of structures within an individual organism and even individual cells • The reason for this? • Carbon’s structure is very versatile when it comes to forming bonds with other atoms

  8. Carbon & Biomolecules • Macromolecules – large molecules composed of similar repeating units • There are 4 main groups of macromolecules that compose living things: • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

  9. Section 3.2 Synthesizing Organic Molecules

  10. Modular Approach • The modular approach involves building organic molecules piece by piece (like a train with individual cars): • Monomer: individual subunits (car) • Polymer: long chains of monomers (train) • Mono- means “one” • Poly- means “many”

  11. Biomolecules & Water • Biomolecules are joined together or broken apart by removing or adding water: • Water can break apart polymers (biomolecule), freeing up the monomers OR… • When polymers (biomolecules) are formed, water is often produced as a by-product

  12. Biomolecules & Water • Dehydration synthesis reactions: when monomers are joined together by removing water to make biomolecules (polymers) • A H+ is removed from one monomer and an OH- from the other…they will form water • The spaces left open allow the monomers to bond together, creating a biomolecule (polymer)

  13. Dehydration Synthesis

  14. Biomolecules & Water • Hydrolysis reactions: when molecules are broken apart by water • Water is added to a molecule (polymer), causing it split back into the original monomers

  15. CH 3.3What are Carbohydrates?

  16. Carbohydrates

  17. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Carbohydrates energymolecules

  18. Carbohydrates-Sugars • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (1:2:1) • Overall function: used by organisms for short term energy and structural support

  19. Monosaccharides • 1 sugar molecule (monomer) • Function: mainly used to form polymers or for cell activities • Most common: glucose C6H12O6 • Others: • Fructosefruits • Galactoselactose • RiboseRNA • DeoxyriboseDNA

  20. Disaccharides • 2 sugar molecules linked together • Function: mainly used for short-term energy • Examples: • Sucroseglucose + fructose • Lactoseglucose + galactose • Maltoseglucose + glucose

  21. Polysaccharides • Many sugar molecules linked together • Function: used for long-term energy storage • Examples: • Starch: found in plant seeds & roots (FYI: 1000 to ½ million glucose) • Glycogen (animals): found in animal muscles & liver (much smaller than starch) • Cellulose: found in plant cell walls • Animals can’t digest it, has to be broken down by microbes so its usually just roughage/fiber for us • Chitin: found in exoskeletons and fungi cell walls

  22. Cellulose Structure & Location

  23. Chitin Structure & Location

  24. Section 3.4What are Lipids?

  25. Lipids: Fats & Oils

  26. Lipids energy storage

  27. Lipids • Composed of mainly carbon and hydrogen • Have nonpolar regions that make them insoluble in water (meaning they won’t dissolve) • Types of lipids: • Fats • Oils • Waxes • Phospholipids • Steroids

  28. Oils, Fats, and Waxes • Triglyceride: the chemical name of fats and oils • Difference between fats & oils: • Fats are solid, oils are liquid

  29. Saturated Fats • Saturated fats are made of mainly hydrogen so the FA chains are “saturated” in hydrogen • Where we get them from: butter, bacon fat, steak; tends to come from animals

  30. Unsaturated Fats • Unsaturated fats have a smaller amount of hydrogen in their FA chains • Where we get them from: the seeds of plants (they’re stored for the embryo) such as corn oil, peanut oil, etc.

  31. FYI: Unsaturated fats • Unsaturated fats can be converted to a fat by breaking some of the double bonds and adding some hydrogens…this is known as a “hydrogenated oil” (allows margarine to be solid at room temp) • Partial hydrogenation creates trans fats which are also solid at room temperature • Read Health Watch: Cholesterol-Friend or Foe on pg. 45

  32. FYI: Saturated & Unsaturated Fats Saturated Unsaturated

  33. Waxes • Function: used as a waterproof covering for: • plant leaves and stems • mammalian fur • insect exoskeletons • to construct beehives • FYI: Chemically similar to fats, but they aren’t a food source because we and most other animals don’t have the enzymes necessary to break them down

  34. Fats & Waxes

  35. Phospholipids • Make up the plasma (cell) membrane • Head is hydrophilic or “water loving” • Tail is hydrophobic or “water fearing”

  36. Steroids • Structurally different from all other lipids because it is a ring while the others were chains • Common steroid: cholesterol • Component of animal cell membranes

  37. Section 3.5What are Proteins?

  38. Proteins

  39. Amino Acids and Proteins • Monomer: amino acids (AAs); there are 20 different AAs in all • Polymer: protein (chains of AAs) • Bond between the AAs when they are making polymers is known as a peptide bond

  40. Amino Acids and Proteins • Peptide: short chains of AAs (FYI: 2-49 AAs) • Polypeptide: long chains, aka a protein (FYI: 50 or more AAs)

  41. Protein Structure 1. Primary structure (1o)-the chain of AAs that make up the protein 2. Secondary structure (2o)- when the protein takes on a coiled or pleated shape

  42. Primary/Secondary Level Primary Secondary

  43. Protein Structure • Tertiary structure (3o)-the 3-D shape a polypeptide becomes (like balling up a piece of paper) • Quaternary structure (4o)-when polypeptide chains link together

  44. Tertiary/Quaternary Levels Tertiary Quaternary

  45. Types of Proteins • Can be classified as functional or structural • Functional: • Enzymes: proteins that speed up almost all chemical reactions that occur inside the cell • Albumin (egg white) & Casein (milk): provides AAs for developing young animals • Some hormones such as insulin & growth hormone • Antibodies

  46. Types of Proteins • Structural • Elastin: gives skin its elasticity • Keratin: main protein found in hair, nails, horns, scales, and feathers • Gossamer: the silk protein in spiders and silk moth cocoons

  47. Section 3.6What are Nucleic Acids?

  48. Nucleic Acids Informationstorage

  49. Nucleic Acids • Monomers: nucleotides • Polymers: nucleic acids (NAs) • 2 types of nucleic acids: • DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid • RNA-ribonucleic acid

  50. Other Nucleotides • Not all nucleotides are part of NAs • Cyclic nucleotides: used as intracellular messengers • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): energy molecule found in all organisms • Coenzymes: assist enzymes in promoting and chemical reactions

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