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Population Change

Population Change. Chapter 16, Section 1. Measuring Population. Population= # of people living in a given area at a time. Demography= the area of sociology that focuses on studying human populations. Three factors affecting a region’s population: Birthrate Death rate Rate of migration

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Population Change

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  1. Population Change Chapter 16, Section 1

  2. Measuring Population • Population= # of people living in a given area at a time. • Demography= the area of sociology that focuses on studying human populations. • Three factors affecting a region’s population: • Birthrate • Death rate • Rate of migration • Help determine how populations change over time.

  3. Birthrate • Birthrate= births within a population • Live births/total population x 1,000 • Gives the number of births per 1,000 individuals. • Fertility vs. fecundity • Fertility # of births that actually occurred by women of childbearing age. • Fecundity measures those ABLE to have children • Affected by various social, economic and health factors.

  4. Death Rate • Mortality= number of deaths within a society. • Deaths/total population x 1,000 • Death rates do not present an accurate picture of a country’s conditions… so, sociologists also use two other factors: infant mortality rate and life expectancy. • Infant mortality rate=deaths among infants/total live births x 1,000 • Life expectancy= average # of years a person can expect to live. • There is a correlation between IMR and life expectancy.

  5. Migration Rate • Demographers also have to take into account the migration of individuals when determining a country’s population. • In-migration vs. out-migration • Migration rate= annual difference between in-migration and out-migration.

  6. Growth Rate • The three variables affect the size of a population. • Rate at which a population is increasing= growth rate. • Birthrate – death rate = growth rate. • Negative vs. positive growth rates… is the population growing or shrinking? • Practice calculating country growth rates. - http://www.os-connect.com/pop/p3n.asp

  7. Explaining Population Change • Thomas Robert Malthus • Malthusian Theory= population increases in a multiplicative fashion, whereas food supply only grows in an arithmetic progression. • Basically… The population is growing too rapidly for the food supply to keep up. • Malthus proposed ‘checks’ on population. • Preventive checks birth control, sexual self-control and delayed marriage and childbearing. • Positive checks war, disease and famine.

  8. Malthus (cont’d) • But, Malthus could not foresee two coming changes in society… • Advancement of agricultural techniques that allowed farmers to produce more on same amount of land • Birth control emerges as an effective and widely used method.

  9. Demographic Transition Theory • Population patterns are tied to a society’s level of technological development. • Three stages of a society’s population. • Stage 1 • Preindustrial societies; high birthrate and death rate. • I.e. central African societies • Stage 2 • Industrial societies; high birthrates and low death rates (due to improved conditions) • Guatemala and other Latin American countries • Stage 3 • Industrial/post-industrial societies; low birthrates and death rates. • North America and Europe

  10. Demographic Transition Theory • Stage 4 • Low birthrate, low death rate, and increasing life expectancy. • Stage 5 • Low birthrate (less than in Stage 4), low death rate, and increasing life expectancy.

  11. Controlling Population Growth • Current world’s population: 7,085,347,650* • Current U.S. population: 315,859,727* * as of 10:49 am 5/15/2013 • Two main strategies to control the world’s population- family planning and economic improvements

  12. Family Planning • Strategy used to lower the birthrate; occurs when couples consciously decide to have a certain number of children. • Helps reduce the number of unplanned pregnancies. • Antinatalism= strict form of family planning involving official policies designed to discourage childbirth. • In 1980, China adopted an incentive and sanction system. • Government benefits for those who adhere to one child policy; large fines and penalties for those that do not.

  13. Economic Improvements • Better health, higher levels of income and access to education will help lower birthrates. • However, many impoverished countries do not have the resources to provide this economic assistance. • Demographers suggest evenly redistributing wealth within a nation to help reduce poverty.

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