William Shakespeare

1. Widely regarded as the greatest writer in English Literature William Shakespeare

2. Shakespeare • 1563-1616 • Stratford-on-Avon, England • wrote 37 plays • about 154 sonnets • started out as an actor

4. Stage Celebrity • Actor for Lord Chamberlain’s Men (London theater co.) • Also > principal playwright for them • 1599> Lord Ch. Co. built Globe Theater where most of Sh. Play’s were performed

5. Shakespeare wrote: • Comedies • Histories • Tragedies

6. Romeo and Juliet • Written about 1595 • Considered a tragedy • West Side Story (Movie) based on R&J

7. The Theater • Plays produced for the general public • Roofless>open air • No artificial lighting • Courtyard surrounded by 3 levels of galleries

9. Spectators • Wealthy got benches • “Groundlings”>poorer people stood and watched from the courtyard (“pit”) • All but wealthy were uneducated/illiterate • Much more interaction than today

10. Staging Areas • Stage>platform that extended into the pit • Dressing & storage rooms in galleries behind & above stage • second-level gallery> upper stage> famous balcony scene in R & J • Trap door>ghosts • “Heavens”> angelic beings

12. Differences • No scenery • Settings > references in dialogue (Shakespeare had to indicate the dawn by having Horatio in Hamlet say: But look, the morn in russet mantle clad Walks o’er the dew of yon high eastward hill. • Elaborate costumes • Plenty of props • Fast-paced, colorful>2 hours!

13. Actors • Only men and boys • Young boys whose voices had not changed play women’s roles • Would have been considered indecent for a woman to appear on stage

14. Elizabethan (QE1) Words • Coz: Cousin • E’en: Even • E’er: Ever • Doth: Does • An,and: If • Anon: Soon • Aye: Yes • But: Except for

15. QE1 Words (contin.) • Haply: Perhaps • Happy: Fortunate • Hence: Away, from her • Hie: Hurry • Marry: Indeed

16. QE1 Words (cont.) • Whence: Where • Wilt: Will, will you • Withal: In addition to • Would: Wish • Thee: You • Thine: You • Thou: you • Thou art : you are • Thou wert: you were • Tis: It is

17. Blank Verse • Much of Shakespeare’s plays are written in it (to help actors memorize lines): • unrhymed verse • iambic (unstressed, stressed) • pentameter( 5 “feet” to a line) • ends up to be 10 syllable lines

18. Prose • Ordinary writing that is not poetry, drama, or song • Only characters in the lower social classes speak this way in Shakespeare’s plays • Why do you suppose that is?

19. Plot • The sequence of events in a literary work

20. Exposition • The plot usually begins with this: • introduces>>>> • setting • characters • basic situation

21. Conflict • The struggle that develops • man vs. man • man vs. himself • man vs. society • man vs. nature

22. Crisis • The point where the protagonist’s situation will either get better or worse • protagonist>good guy • antagonist>bad guy

23. Climax • The turning point of the story>everything begins to unravel from here • Thus begins the falling action

24. Resolution • The end of the central conflict

25. Denouement • The final explanation or outcome of the plot • If this is included in literature, it will occur after the resolution.

26. Tragedy (Shakespearean) • Drama where the central character/s suffer disaster/great misfortune • In many tragedies, downfall results from> • Fate • Character flaw/Fatal flaw • Combination of the two

27. Theme • Central idea or >> • Insight about life which explain the downfall

28. Dramatic Foil • A character whose purpose is to show off another character • Benvolio for Tybalt • look for others in R & J

29. Round characters • Characters who have many personality traits, like real people.

30. Flat Characters • One-dimensional, embodying only a single trait • Shakespeare often uses them to provide comic relief even in a tragedy

31. Static Characters • Characters within a story who remain the same. They do not change. They do not change their minds, opinions or character.

32. Dynamic Character • Characters that change somehow during the course of the plot. They generally change for the better.

33. Protagonist • Is the central character or hero • (usually the one with whom the audience tends to identify)

34. Antagonist • The principal character in opposition to the protagonist or main character.

35. Monologue • One person speaking on stage > may be other character on stage too • ex > the Prince of Verona commanding the Capulets and Montagues to cease feuding

36. Soliloquy • Long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage. In R & J, Romeo gives a soliloquy after the servant has fled and Paris has died.

37. Aside • Words spoken, usually in an undertone not intended to be heard by all characters

38. Pun • Shakespeare loved to use them!!! • Humorous use of a word with two meanings > sometimes missed by the reader because of Elizabethan language and sexual innuendo

39. Direct Address • Words that tell the reader who is being addressed: • “A right fair mark, fair coz, is soonest hit.” • “Ah, my mistresses, which of you all/ Will now deny to dance?”

40. Dramatic Irony • A contradiction between what a character thinks and what the reader/audience knows to be true

41. Verbal Irony • Words used to suggest the opposite of what is meant

42. Situational Irony • An event occurs that directly contradicts the expectations of the characters, the reader, or the audience

43. Comic Relief • Use of comedy within literature that is NOT comedy to provide “relief” from seriousness or sadness. • In R & J, look for moments of comic relief that help “relieve” the tragedy of the situation

44. Allusions • Is an indirect reference to another literary work, famous person, place or event.

45. Stage Directions • Generally in italics and parentheses, they are a guide to readers explaining how actors should move and speak.

46. Foreshadowing • A writer’s use of hints or clues to indicate events and situations that will occur later in the plot.

47. Tragic Hero • is a man of noble stature. He is not an ordinary man, but a man with outstanding quality and greatness about him. His own destruction is for a greater cause or principle.

48. Hyperbole • A figure of speech in which the truth is exaggerated for emphasis or humorous effect.

49. Othello • Created from original tale, “Of the Unfaithfulness of Husbands and Wives” (Giraldi Cinthio—16th century Italian writer) No character in literature can: • Touch us more than Desdemona • Shock and disgust us more than Iago • Show courage & dignity, and yet humanly be fooled and show a pushover of bad advice as Othello Underlying messages will continue today to reveal how: • Fathers will dislike whomever their daughters marry • Husbands suspect their wives of cheating • Blacks remember slavery • The ambitious court favor & the jealous work deceit