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Canggaan, Sesar dan Lipatan (Deformation, Faults and Folds)

Canggaan, Sesar dan Lipatan (Deformation, Faults and Folds). KEKAR. CANGGAAN. SESAR. JENIS2. PENGARUH TEGASAN & TERIKAN. JENIS2. LIPATAN. PROSES GEOLOGI. PETA GEOLOGI. KAJIAN TAPAK. objektif. Memberi takrifan jenis2 tegasan yang boleh dialami batuan

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Canggaan, Sesar dan Lipatan (Deformation, Faults and Folds)

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  1. Canggaan, Sesar dan Lipatan(Deformation, Faults and Folds)

  2. KEKAR CANGGAAN SESAR JENIS2 PENGARUH TEGASAN & TERIKAN JENIS2 LIPATAN PROSES GEOLOGI PETA GEOLOGI KAJIAN TAPAK

  3. objektif • Memberi takrifan jenis2 tegasan yang boleh dialami batuan • Memberi takrifan ragam (behaviour) batuan bila dikenakan tegasan • Membandingkan pelbagai jenis lipatan (folds) seperti sinklin, antiklin, monoklin, dom (dome) dan empangan (basin) • Membandingkan pelbagai jenis sesar (normal, songsang, thrust, gelincir jurus) dan tegasan yang menghasilkan sesar • Memahami penggunaan jurus dan sudut miring (dip and strike) atau sudut miring dan arah sudut miring (dip/dip direction) • Melihat kejadian kekar dan pengaruhnya terhadap pembinaan struktur

  4. Deformation refers to the changes in volume or shape of a body of rock (canggaan merujuk kepada perubahan isipadu atau bentuk sesuatu jasad batuan)

  5. Bumi kita adalah dinamik => senantiasa berubah, dan berubah dalam bentuk yg tertib dan mengikut hukum tertentu • Bumi dikelilingi dengan daya; ada yang dapat dirasa dan dilihat, dan sebaliknya. Contoh: daya magnet, daya tektonik • Kita lebih berminat dgn apa yang boleh kita kawal walaupun kadangkalanya tak dapat kita fahami, terutama di permukaan bumi • Kadang2 kita berminat benda yg di luar kawalan kita….

  6. INTERAKSI PELBAGAI FAKTOR => MENGHASILKAN PELBAGAI PRODUK mineral suhu air batuan tekanan tanah

  7. Tegasan-Terikan (Stress-Strain)Cause-and-effect Stress is the FORCE acting on a body of rock. Stress = Force / area = daya/luas Strain is the response of a rock to stress. It generally involves a change in shape or volume of the rock • Strain = change in shape

  8. Strain = change in length = volume change ==> result in being shortened/elongated STRAIN => DAPAT KITA LIHAT STRESS => TAK DAPAT KITA LIHAT TETAPI LEBIH PADA APA MINDA KITA DAPAT RASA DAN BAYANGKAN (mental learning?)

  9. Types of stress • Compressional • Tensional • Shear

  10. Hubungan tegasan-terikan

  11. deformation

  12. deformation

  13. Types of strain • Elastic deformation (Canggaan kenyal) - changes in shape of rock are reversible. Deform it, remove the stress, and it returns to its original shape (like a rubber band or a piece of elastic) • Plastic deformation (Canggaan plastik) - changes in shape of rock are permanent and not reversible (like folding). • Rock Behavior (Ragam batuan) • Brittle - the rock breaks • Ductile - the rock flows or bends (folds are produced) • Once the elastic limit is surpassed, rocks will deform plastically if the rock is ductile (mulur) or they will fracture (rupture) if the rock is brittle (rapuh).

  14. San Andreas Fault

  15. SESAR/FAULTS • TERHASIL DRPD CANGGAAN KENYAL (ELASTIC DEFORMATION) BAHAN YG RAPUH (BRITTLE) • Jenis2 sesar

  16. fault

  17. Retak pd batuan yg ada pergerakan yg jelas

  18. Dinding kaki & dinding gantung (Hanging & footwall)

  19. Normal & reverse fault

  20. Oblique slip

  21. Strike slip

  22. graben

  23. Normal faults

  24. Thrust fault

  25. fault

  26. fault

  27. fault

  28. Cara memperihalkan orientasi sesar dan lipatan Describing the orientation of layers of rock When we describe the orientation of sedimentary rock units, we must keep in mind that these rocks were originally deposited as sediment in horizontal (flat) layers (Remember from geologic time: Law of original horizontality) Tectonic forces cause the rock layers to be folded and uplifted, and sedimentary rocks can be in any orientation, including vertical.

  29. Law of horizontality

  30. Jurus dan sudut miring (Strike and dip) • If we examine a small area of a layer of rock, we can describe its orientation in space using two directional components: • The angle at which the rock "dips" (with respect to the horizontal) - called dip (sudut miring) • The compass direction along which the bed of rock trends (with respect to north) - called strike (Jurus)

  31. Strike dip

  32. Rocks dipping to the right 45o

  33. Ahli geologi gemar menggunakan jurus (strike) dan sudut miring (dip) sementara • Jurutera lebih suka menggunakan sudut miring (dip) dan arah sudut miring (dip direction)

  34. Rocks dip to the right 45 degrees 45o

  35. Strike and dip & soil failure as creep

  36. LIPATAN/FOLD • TERHASIL DRPD CANGGAAN PLASTIK BAHAN MULUR (DUCTILE)

  37. Types of folds (formed as a result of plastic deformation) • During mountain building or compressional stress, rocks may deform plastically to produce folds. • The up-folds and the down-folds are adjacent to one another, and grade into one another. In geology each is given a separate descriptive name.

  38. Basic types of folds • anticlines - upfolds • synclines - downfolds

  39. Types of folds

  40. fold

  41. fold

  42. fold

  43. fold

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