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Folds, Faults and Other Records of Deformation

Folds, Faults and Other Records of Deformation. Significance to CCS. Fundamental to trapping configuration Important for caprock integrity. Stress. Force per unit area Compression Tension (rare) Shearing. Or, principal compressive stress vertical. Brittle Versus Ductile Deformation.

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Folds, Faults and Other Records of Deformation

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  1. Folds, Faults and Other Records of Deformation

  2. Significance to CCS • Fundamental to trapping configuration • Important for caprock integrity

  3. Stress • Force per unit area • Compression • Tension (rare) • Shearing

  4. Or, principal compressive stress vertical

  5. Brittle Versus Ductile Deformation • Brittle: material fractures (breaks)

  6. Brittle Versus Ductile Deformation • Brittle: material fractures (breaks) • Ductile: plastic deformation, no fractures

  7. Folded gneiss and marble

  8. Brittle Versus Ductile Deformation • Brittle: material fractures (breaks) • Ductile: plastic deformation, no fractures • Brittle favored by:

  9. Brittle Versus Ductile Deformation • Brittle: material fractures (breaks) • Ductile: plastic deformation, no fractures • Brittle favored by: • low temperatures

  10. Brittle Versus Ductile Deformation • Brittle: material fractures (breaks) • Ductile: plastic deformation, no fractures • Brittle favored by: • low temperatures • low confining pressures

  11. High confining pressure Low confining pressure Undeformed

  12. Brittle Versus Ductile Deformation • Brittle: material fractures (breaks) • Ductile: plastic deformation, no fractures • Brittle favored by: • low temperatures • low confining pressures • high strain rates • Rock type

  13. Brittle diabase, ductile marble

  14. Mapping Geologic Structures Strike Dip

  15. Mapping Geologic Structures • Strike • Dip • Constructing cross sections

  16. Folds Bending of rocks, often as a result of compression

  17. Anticlines and Synclines

  18. Raplee anticline and San Juan river, Utah

  19. Limbs, axial planes, fold axes

  20. Plunge

  21. Plunging folds near Harrisburg, PA

  22. Plunging folds near Harrisburg, PA

  23. Plunging anticline, SW Montana

  24. Symmetrical, Asymmetrical, Overturned Limbs of equal length Limbs of unequal length

  25. Overturned (almost?) anticline

  26. Structural domes and basins

  27. Faults and Joints Fractures in rock

  28. Joints • No visible displacement • Types • Unloading (exfoliation)

  29. Unloading joint, Yosemite NP, CA

  30. Joints • No visible displacement • Types • Unloading (exfoliation) • Cooling joints

  31. Devil’s Postpile, CA

  32. Devil’s Tower, WY

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