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Emotions

Emotions. Complex patterns of changes, including physiological arousal, feelings, cognitive process, and behavioral reactions, made in response to a situation perceived to be personally significant. Darwin (1872). Adaptive functions of emotions

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Emotions

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  1. Emotions • Complex patterns of changes, including physiological arousal, feelings, cognitive process, and behavioral reactions, made in response to a situation perceived to be personally significant

  2. Darwin (1872) • Adaptive functions of emotions • Inherited, specialized mental states designed to deal with a certain class of recurring situations

  3. Silvan Tomkins (1981) • Universal emotions • Babies scared by loud noises • Cross culture

  4. Paul Eleman (1984) • People share an overlap in “facial expressions” cross culturally

  5. Cultural Constraints • Emotions vary due to culture • Individualistic • Needs of individuals-personal rewards, freedoms, equity • Collectivist • Need of group • Self-discipline, honoring parents/elders

  6. Theories of Emotions • Physiology • Heart rate, respiration increases, muscle tense, shake, dry mouth • Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) • Sympathetic-pleasant, releases hormones • Parasympthetic-mildly unpleasant

  7. Theories of Emotions • Central Nervous System • Hypothalamus and limbic systems • Emotions for attack, defense and flight • Amygdala (one on each side of brain) • Part of limbic system that controls emotion aggression and the formation of emotional memory • Cortex • Connects emotions and external body • Association, memories and meaning into physical responses

  8. James-Lange Theory of Emotion (1890, 1950) • Peripheralist theory • Peripheral-feedback theory of emotion stating that an eliciting stimulus triggers a behavior response that sends different sensory and motor feedback to the brain and creates the feeling of a specific emotion.

  9. Cannon-Bard theory (1929) • An emotional stimulus produces two co-occurring reactions-arousal and experience of emotion that do not cause each other

  10. Cognitive Appraisal • Stanley Schachter 1971 • The process through which physiological arousal is interpreted with respect to circumstances in the particular setting in which it is being experienced • Recognition and evaluation of a stress or to assess the demand, the size of threat, the resources available for dealing with it, and appropriate coping strategies

  11. Cognitive Appraisal Theory of Emotion • Richard Lazarus (1984) • Experience of emotion is the joint effect of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal, which serves to determine how an ambiguous inner state of arousal will be labeled • Lacked conscious thought

  12. Function of Emotion • Direct and sustain your behavior toward a goal • Inverted U • Relationship between arousal and performance

  13. Function of Emotion • Yerkes-Dodson Law • Correlation between task performance and optimal level of arousal • Simple task: less arousal-more difficult task greater arousal

  14. Function of Emotion • Social functioning • Cognitive functioning • Mood congruent processing • Mood state • Positive moods yield creativity/problem solving • Negative moods yield opposite

  15. Stress • Pattern of specific and nonspecific responses an organism makes to stimulus events that disturb its equilibrium and tax or exceed its ability to cope

  16. Stressor • Internal or external event or stimulus that induces stress

  17. Chronic • Continuous state of arousal in which an individual perceives demands as greater than the inner and outer resources available for dealing with them.

  18. Acute • Transient state of arousal with typically clear onset and offset patterns

  19. Acute • Walter Cannon (1920) • Fight or Flight • Internal activates triggered when an organism is faced with a threat • Prepares the body for combat and struggle or for running to safety • More of a male trait

  20. Shelly Tyler (2000) • Tend-and-befriend response • Typically female • Stressors prompt females to protect their offspring and join social groups to reduce vulnerability

  21. Stress/Brain Functions • Hypothalamus • Stress center • Controls ANS and pituitary gland • Adrenal Medulla (hormones) • Epinephrine and neuroepinephrine • Start body functions • Pituitary Gland • Thyrotroph (hormone) • Adrenocorticotrohpic (hormone)

  22. Hans Selye (1976) • General adaption syndrome (GAS) • Pattern of nonspecific adaptional physiological mechanism that occur in response to continuing threat by almost any serious stressor • Psychosomatic disorders • Psychical disorders activated or caused by prolonged emotional stress or other psychological causes

  23. Psychological stress • Social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)(1960) • Scale to rate the degree of adjustment and required by various life changes-both pleasant and unpleasant • Life change units (LCU’s) • Measure of stress levels of different types of change experienced during a given period

  24. Psychological stress • Procrastinators have more stress symptoms than do nonprocrastinators • Catastrophic events • Emergency phase-1st 3 weeks • Anxiety, obsessive thoughts • Inhibition phase-3-8 weeks • Sudden decline in thought/talk • Adaption phase 9+ weeks • Psychological effect over

  25. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) • Anxiety disorder • Persistent reexperience of traumatic events through dreams, hallucinations or flashbacks

  26. Residual Stress Pattern • Chronic syndrome in which the emotional responses of PTSD stress persist over time

  27. Hassles • More hassles lead to greater health problems

  28. Coping • Process of dealing with internal or external demands that are perceived to be threatening or overwhelming

  29. Richard Lazarus • Primary appraisal • Initial evaluation of the seriousness of a demand • Secondary appraisal • Evaluate the personal and social resources that are available

  30. Stress Moderator variables • Variables that change the impact of a stressor on a given type of stress reaction

  31. Anticipatory coping-Folkman (1984) • Efforts made in advance of a potentially stressful event to overcome, reduce, or tolerate the imbalance between perceived demands and available resources • Problem directed coping • Confront problem directly • Problem solving directly • Emotion focused coping • Lessen the discomfort

  32. Modifying cognitive strategies • Reap praise • Restructure

  33. Donald Meichenbaum (1977-93) • Stress inoculation • People work to develop a greater awareness of their actual behavior • People begin to identify new behaviors • People appraise consequences new behaviors

  34. Perceived control • The belief that one has the ability to make a difference in the course or consequences of some event or experience

  35. Social support • Resources, including material aid, socioemotional support provided to help w/ stressLove, money, advice, housing, etc.

  36. Health Psychology • Understanding the ways people stay healthy, the reasons they become ill, and the ways they respond when the become ill.

  37. Health • General condition of soundness and vigor of body and mind • Not simply the absence of illness or injury

  38. Hozho • Navajo concept • Refers to harmony, peace of mind, goodness, ideal family relationships, beauty in arts and crafts, and health of body and spirit • Illness is seen as disharmony

  39. Biomedical Model • Dualistic body and mind • Mind body separation • Interactions made model unworkable

  40. Biopsychosocial model • Model of health and illness that suggests that links among the nervous system, the immune system, behavioral systems cognitive processing and environmental factors can put people at risk for sickness

  41. Biopsychosocial model • 3 components • Bio, psycho, social • Links mind, body and world around you

  42. Wellness • Optimal health • Incorporating the ability to function fully and actively over the physical, intellectual, emotional, spiritual, social and environmental domains of health

  43. Health Promotion • Development and implementation of general strategies and specific tactics to eliminate or reduce the risk that people will become ill

  44. AIDS • Acquired immune deficiency syndrome • Virus that damages the immune system and weakens the body's ability to fight infection

  45. HIV • Human immunodefiency virus • Virus that attacks white blood cells (T cells) in human blood • Causes AIDS • Transmitting • Semen/blood sexual contact • IV drug use • Not airborne

  46. Fighting AIDS • Information/education • Motivation • Behavioral skills

  47. Treatment • Too little focus on in our society • Need clear communication from health care professions • Using mind to heal

  48. Relaxation Response • Condition in which muscle tension, cortical activity, heart rate, and blood pressure decrease and breathing slows • Needs • Quiet environment • Closed eyes • Comfortable position • Repetitive mental device i.e. chant

  49. Biofeedback • Self-regulatory technique by which an individual acquires voluntary control over nonconscious biological process i.e. blood pressure • Neal Miller (1978) • Can change skin temp.

  50. Breast Cancer study • 18.9 months with medical treatment • 36.6 months with medical treatment and therapy

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