Use the information to answer questions 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 .

1. Use the information to answer questions 1 , 2 , 3 , 4. Sickle cell Disease Sickle cell disease is a group of inherited disorders in which deoxygenated red blood cells become distorted and take on a shape like a sickle. There are two common alleles for this gene. One causes normally shaped red blood cells and the other allele causes the red blood cells to have a sickle shape. The sickled cells can lodge in the smallest blood vessels and reduce the circulation of blood to tissues. The sickle cell allele is most Common in areas where the disease malaria is a significant problem, and among people whose ancestors are from those areas. Evidence shows that having just one sickle cell allele makes a person resistant to malaria. This genetic condition is a recessive trait. When an individual has only one allele for the sickle cell trait, the person is a carrier. The pedigree below represents a family in which some members have the sickle cell allele. index

2. 1. In the genetic pedigree, person U and her husband are considering having another child.What is the percent chance that this child will develop sickle cell disease? A. 25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 100% Back to paragraph index

3. 2. Draw a Punnett square or comparable diagram for the couple in the first generation of the pedigree. Use B to represent the allele for normal red blood cells and b to represent the allele forsickle cell disease. How do the couple’s actual children compare to the expected results shown in your Punnett square? (4 points) Write the answer on separate paper. index Back to paragraph Scoring Guidelines

4. 3. Although sickle cell disease has negative effects on those who suffer from it, the allele is widespread in many parts of the world. This is because in areas where malaria is a significant danger, the sickle cellallele A. ceases to cause symptoms. B. attacks the parasite that causes malaria. C. spreads rapidly in people weakened by malaria. D. conveys a health advantage to those who carry the allele. Back to paragraph index

5. 4. Which person on the pedigree could not pass the allele for sickle cell disease to his/her offspring? A. V B. X C. Y D. Z Back to paragraph index

6. Use the information to answer questions 5-8. Cataracts In 2004, wildlife rescuers found a great horned owl nearly dead from starvation. The owl’s eyes had formed cataracts, which cloud the natural lens and inhibit the eye’s ability to focus and form clear images. Cataracts can be inherited or acquired as a result of aging, disease and/or use of certain medications. Without clear vision, the owl, named Minerva, had been unable to hunt. Minerva was taken to the Veterinary School at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, after a local veterinarian confirmed the presence of cataracts. A pair of lenses specifically made for owls was implanted in Minerva’s eyes. After the surgery and a recovery period, Minerva was moved to a large, enclosed area where small rodents were released and her ability to hunt was to be evaluated. Scientists confirmed that, if she showed a clear ability to hunt, she would be released back into her natural habitat. index

7. 5. Provide two reasons why the researchers’ actions in rescuing and operating on Minerva either were or were not ethical. Respond in the space provided in your Answer Document. (2 points) Write the answer on separate paper. index Back to paragraph Scoring Guidelines

8. 6. Owls are nocturnal hunters and depend on their acute vision for survival. If Minerva’s cataracts are determined to be inherited and she is released back into her natural habitat, she could pass the allele for cataracts on to her offspring. What process would most likely act against any offspring with an allele for cataracts? A. immigration B. genetic drift C. natural selection D. adaptive radiation Back to paragraph index

9. 7. The mutation for cataracts (c) occurs on a gene represented by the letter E. Owls that are homozygous for the mutation (EcEc) exhibit cataracts. Owls that are homozygous for normal eyes are EE and owls that are carriers of the mutation but do not exhibit cataracts are EEc. What percentage of the offspring in a cross between parents with the genotypes EE and EcEcwill exhibit cataracts? A. 0% B. 25% C. 50% D. 75% Back to paragraph index

10. 8. All cataracts were originally thought to be acquired; however, recent research indicates that some cataracts are genetic in nature. What type of study would be most likely to lend support to the claim that cataracts can be inherited? A. analysis of cataract thickness in several species B. studying age-related onset of cataracts within a species C. linkage studies on DNA from families with a history of cataracts D. comparing characteristics of cataracts caused by specific diseases Back to paragraph index

11. 9. Color blindness is a sex-linked trait that is carried on the X chromosome. If a boy is born color-blind, what would have to be true? A. His father had normal vision. B. His grandmother was colorblind. C. His mother carried at least one gene for color blindness. D. His grandfather passed on the color-blind trait to his father. index

12. 10. A single weed in plot 6 has a genetic mutation that allows its cells to transport herbicide out through the cell membrane before the weed is harmed. Suppose a student allows weeds to grow in plot 6 and then periodically treats them with herbicide. Which graph best represents the expected frequency of the mutant gene in the weed population over time? • Picture Choice 1 • Picture Choice 2 • Picture Choice 3 • Picture Choice 4 2. 1. 4. 3. Back to paragraph index

13. 11. The pedigree below shows the inheritance pattern of a recessive allele (z) that results in a genetic disease. Based on the inheritance pattern, what are all the possible genotypes for individual 6? A. Zz B. ZZ and zz C. ZZ and Zz D. ZZ, Zz and zz index

14. 12. Geneticists have determined that the majority of individuals in an isolated island population have blood type B. Type A blood is found to be more common in themainland population from which the island was settled.How could a geneticist best explain the dominance of blood type B in the island population? A. Random mutations have occurred in the island population. B. Genetic drift has reduced the frequency of type A individuals. C. Natural selection has only occurred in the mainland population. D. Environmental conditions on the island are less favorable for type B individuals. index

15. 13. Due to a loss of habitat, hunting, drought, disease, and inbreeding, the cheetah population has declined in number and is close to extinction. The current cheetah population has very little genetic variation. Which is a result of the limited genetic variation in the current cheetah population compared to earlier cheetah populations with more variation? A. Current populations of cheetahs are more resistant to diseases. B. The survival rate of young cheetahs is increased in current populations. C. Current populations of cheetahs are less likely to be able to adapt to environmental changes. D. Current populations of cheetahs are able to interbreed with other species, increasing genetic variation. index

16. 14 Question 41 Question 39 Question 40 index

17. 39. Suppose the same scientist wanted a Himalayan rabbit with white feet. Which procedure would most likely generate these results? • place ice packs on the rabbit’s feet • place the rabbit outside on a sunny day • place the rabbit outside when it is snowing • place the rabbit in a cage with a heated floor Info index

18. 40. During the winter months, the body temperature of Himalayan rabbits is several degrees lower than it is during the summer months. This causes the rabbits’ fur to grow in black. This color change in the winter could negatively affect the rabbits because black fur • is thinner than the white color fur. • makes them easier for predators to see. • reduces their chances of finding a mate. • does not absorb as much heat as white color fur. Info index

19. 41. The black fur on Himalayan rabbits helps provide additional warmth for the ears, noses, feet and tails. Why does the fur color affect warmth for these areas? • Black fur generates more heat energy than white fur. • Black fur insulates the rabbit from cold better than white fur. • Black fur reflects more heat energy from sunlight than white fur. • Black fur absorbs more heat energy from sunlight than white fur. Info index

20. 15. The graph shows the relationship between maternal age and the incidence of children born with Down syndrome (a condition that results in an individual having an extra chromosome 21). What conclusion is best supported by the data? • There is no risk of Down syndrome in children born to mothers under age 34. • The risk of Down syndrome increases dramatically in children born to mothers after age 34. • The risk of Down syndrome doubles in children born to mothers for each year over the age of 34. • There is no correlation between the number of Down syndrome births and age. index

21. Channel Setting Instructions for ResponseCard RF1. Press and release the "GO" button.2. While the light is flashing red and green, enter the 2 digit channel code (i.e. channel 1 = 01, channel 21 = 21). Channel is 413. After the second digit is entered, Press and release the "GO" button.4. Press and release the "1/A" button. The light should flash yellow to confirm.