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Lect 13: 80486 and Pentium

Lect 13: 80486 and Pentium. 80486 Microprocessor Family. 80486 Microprocessor Introduced in 1989 High Integration On-chip 8K Code and Data cache Floating Point Unit Paged, Virtual Memory Management 168-pin PGA package Multiprocessor Support Multiprocessor Instructions

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Lect 13: 80486 and Pentium

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  1. Lect 13: 80486 and Pentium

  2. 80486 Microprocessor Family • 80486 Microprocessor • Introduced in 1989 • High Integration • On-chip 8K Code and Data cache • Floating Point Unit • Paged, Virtual Memory Management • 168-pin PGA package • Multiprocessor Support • Multiprocessor Instructions • Cache Consistency Protocols

  3. Internal Architecture of the 80486 • Complex Reduced-Instruction-Set Computer (CRISC) • RISC integer core

  4. Real-Mode Software Model • the same as that shown for the 80386

  5. Protected-Mode Software Architecture AC: Alignment-Check flag When this bit is set, an alignment check is performed during all memory accesses at privilege level 3. If an unaligned access takes place, exception 17 occurs.

  6. Control Registers • AM : alignment mask -- If this is switched to 0, the alignment check is masked out. • NE : Numeric Error • CD : cache disable • NW : not write-through • WP : write protect • PCD : page-level cache disable • PWT : page-level write transparent

  7. System-Control Instruction Set + a flush bus cycle + a write-back bus cycle

  8. Page Directory and Page Table Entries

  9. Hardware Architecture of the 80486

  10. Signal Interfaces Pseudo-lock

  11. On-Chip Cache of the 80486SX

  12. Pentium Processor • Pentium Processor • 32-bit Microprocessor • 32-bit addressing • 64-bit Data Bus • Superscalar architecture • Two pipelined integer units • Capable of under one clock per instruction • Pipelined Floating Point Unit • Separate Code and Data Caches • 8K Code, 8K Write Back Data • 2-way 32-byte line size • MESI cache consistency protocol • Advance Design Features • Branch Prediction • 237-pin PGA

  13. Internal Architecture of the Pentium Processors

  14. I1 I3 I5 I7 PF I2 I4 I6 I8 I1 I3 I5 I7 D1 I2 I4 I6 I8 PF I1 I2 I3 I4 I1 I3 I5 I7 D2 I2 I4 I6 I8 D1 I1 I2 I3 I4 I1 I3 I5 I7 D2 I1 I2 I3 I4 EX I2 I4 I6 I8 I1 I2 I3 I4 I1 I3 I5 I7 EX WB I2 I4 I6 I8 I1 I2 I3 I4 WB Pentium Processor • Pipeline and Instruction Flow • 5 stage pipeline PF : prefetch D1 : Instruction decode D2 : Address Generation EX : Execute -ALU and Cache Access WB : Write Back Intel 486 Pentium

  15. Pentium Processor • “U”, “V” pipes - “pairing” • U : any instruction • V : ‘simple instructions” as defined in the ‘Pairing” rules PF : instructions on chip cache or memory -> prefetch buffers prefetch buffers - two independent pairs of line size(32 bytes) D1 : two parallel decoders D2 : address generation for operand fetch EX : ALU operations and data cache access WB : modify processor state ; complete execution

  16. Branch Prediction • Branch Prediction • Branch Target Buffer • The processor accesses the BTB with the address of the instruction in the D1 stage example) inner_loop : mov byte ptr flag[edx], al PF D1 D2 EX WB add edx, ecx PF D1 D2 EX WB cmp edx, FALSE PF D1 D2 EX WB jle inner_loopPF • 486 : 6 clocks Pentium : 2 clocks with branch prediction

  17. EFLAGS

  18. Control Registers of the Pentium Processor

  19. Enhancements to the Instruction Set

  20. Hardware Architecture

  21. Memory Subsystem

  22. Organization of the DRAM Array

  23. RAS/CAS address MUX

  24. Data Bus Transceiver Circuitry

  25. On-Chip Cache

  26. On-chip cache operating mode

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