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Taxonomy

Taxonomy. Unity and Diversity Chapter 5 page 89 -125. Taxonomy. The natural curiosity of humanity has led us to attempt to name all the different living organisms. COMMON NAMES. "local" names given by the natives of an area.

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Taxonomy

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  1. Taxonomy Unity and Diversity Chapter 5 page 89 -125

  2. Taxonomy • Thenatural curiosity of humanity has led us to attempt to name all the different living organisms.

  3. COMMON NAMES • "local" names given by the natives of an area. • often leads to confusion when scientists want to talk about organisms on a global basis.

  4. COMMON NAMES • What is the name of this mammal?

  5. Mountain Lion • a.k.a. - puma, cougar, panther, and the Indian devil • This confusion led scientists to use a more logical system.

  6. TAXONOMY • systematic naming and classifying of organisms • makes identification and comparison easier.

  7. Early classification based on: • habitat - location where organism was found • basic structure similarity

  8. Aristotle’s Classification Scheme • Aristotle - divided all organisms into two large groups he called kingdoms.

  9. Aristotle’s Kingdoms • They were the animal and plantkingdoms. • Each kingdom had three subdivisions.

  10. Plant Kingdom • Stationary green things • trees • shrubs • herbs - one wood stem -manywood stems - soft stems

  11. animal Kingdom mobile things land water air - live on land - live in water - fly

  12. Immutability of Species- Genesis led to the belief that a fixed number of living things existed In time all of these organisms will be found, named, and identified. Later Developments in Taxonomy

  13. John Ray (1700) - concept of species • species - a group of similar individuals with a common ancestor. • Modern Concept - added that species must mate in nature & produce fertile offspring

  14. Linneaus (1707-1778) • Swedish botanist • BinomialNomenclature

  15. Binomial nomenclature • ScientificNames consisting of two names • Genus name • Species name • LATIN used for names

  16. Binomial nomenclature • Each unique organism is given two Latin names: • Genus - kind of animal • species - “specific” type

  17. Why Latin? • language of the educated in Europe • most languages of Europe evolved from Latin • as a “dead language” it’s meanings would not change

  18. Binomial nomenclature • Genus: Felis (cat) • species: tigris (tiger) • species: familiaris (of the family) • species: domesticus (of the house) • species: leo (lion) • species: concolor (puma)

  19. Modern System of taxonomy • TAXON - (pl. taxa) a group of related organisms • Taxa are arranged in a hierarchy that moves from diversity to unity.

  20. Modern System of Taxonomy • Kingdom - taxon of the mostdifferent kinds of organisms • Species - taxon of the organisms with the mostsimilarity

  21. Hierarchy of Taxa • Kingdom • Phylum (pl. phyla) • Class • Order • Family Genus (pl. genera) species

  22. Kingdom Systems • The number of kingdoms changed as new discoveries were made • Classification systems vary and change: • depending on use or purpose • depending on viewpoint

  23. Kingdom Systems • TwoKingdom: Plant and Animal • ThreeKingdom: Plant, Animal, and Fungi • FourKingdom: Plant, Animal, Fungi, and Protist • FiveKingdom: Plant, Animal, Fungi, Protist, and Monera • SixKingdom: Plant, Animal, Fungi, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protist

  24. Plant Kingdom • nutrition - autotrophic • cells - multicellular • cell type - eukaryotic • locomotion - nonmotile • cell walls - cellulose

  25. Animal Kingdom • nutrition - heterotrophic • cells - multicellular • cell type - eukaryotic • locomotion - motile • cell walls – not present

  26. Fungi Kingdom • nutrition – saprophytic (absorbs nutrients from “dead things”) • cells - multicellular • cell type - eukaryotic • locomotion - nonmotile • cell walls - chitin

  27. Protist Kingdom • nutrition – autotrophic and heterotrophic • cells - unicellular • cell type - eukaryotic • locomotion – most motile • cell walls – cellulose or not present

  28. Eubacteria Kingdom • nutrition - autotrophic and heterotrophic • cells - unicellular • cell type - prokaryotic • locomotion - motile • cell walls - peptidoglycan

  29. Archaebacteria Kingdom • nutrition - autotrophic and heterotrophic • cells - unicellular • cell type - prokaryotic • locomotion - motile • cell walls – not peptidoglycan

  30. Archaebacteria • Simplest and most primitive organisms • Prokaryotic - no membrane bound organelles • methanogens of swamps • thermophiles of ocean vents

  31. Eubacteria • Schizophyta (heterotrophs) -bacteria • Cyanophyta (autotrophs) cyanobacteria • Viruses ?? - obligate intercellular parasites • Prions ?? – naked proteins – “Mad Cow” disease

  32. Schizophyta - bacteria • Basic shapes • bacillus - rods • coccus - round • spirillus - spiral

  33. Viruses • Also called “phages” from Greek word to eat. • Consist of proteincover surrounding nucleic acids of either DNA or RNA

  34. Types of Viruses • Bacteriophages - reproduce in bacterial cells • Zoophages - reproduce in animal cells • Phytophages - reproduce in plant cells

  35. Viral Life Cycle

  36. Protists

  37. ProtistGroups • Two types of protists: • Protozoa - animal-like • Algae - plant-like

  38. Protozoa • Ciliata - move by cilia • Sarcodina - move by pseudopodia

  39. Protozoa • Zoomastigophora - move by flagella • Sporozoa - move by spores

  40. Algae • Chlorophyta - green pigment • Rhodophyta - red pigments • Phaeophyta - brown pigments

  41. Algae • Chrysophyta - silica shell • Pyrophyta - fluoresce

  42. Plant Kingdom • Phyla of plant kingdom are called divisions. • Bryophyta • Pterophyta • Cycadphyta • Ginkophyta • Coniferophyta • Anthophyta • Alternation of Generations • Gametophyte (haploid - n) – produces gametes • Sporophyte (diploid - 2n) – makes spores to reproduce

  43. Division: Bryophyta • Mosses, Liverworts • No vascular tissue • No true roots, stems, leaves • Gametophyte dominant • Sperm must swim to egg • Sporophyte dependent on gametophyte

  44. Division: Pterophyta • Ferns • Rhizoid - root like structure • Fronds - finely divided leaves • Gametophyte – rarely seen • Sporophyte – spore sacs (sori) under leaves

  45. Division: Cycadophyta • Gymnosperms - naked seeds • Cone protects seeds • Stems underground

  46. Division: Ginkophyta • Gymnosperm • Fan leaf • “extinct” • One species found in China

  47. Division: Coniferophyta • Gymnosperm • Cone bearing • Needle-shaped leaves • Many evergreen

  48. Division: Anthophyta • Flowering plants • Angiosperms - (hidden seed) • Vascular tissue • Stems, roots, leaves • Sporophyte dominant • Gametophyte dependent on sporophyte

  49. Class: Monocotyledonae • Grass, Orchid, Bamboo • Monocot • Flower – 3 parts • Leaves – parallel veins • Seed – 1 cotyledon • Stems – scattered vascular tissue • Roots - fibrous

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