A Brazilian Perspective on Bioenergy Issues

1. A Brazilian Perspective on Bioenergy Issues Prof. Donato Aranda Federal Univ. Rio de Janeiro “Future of Forest Bioenergy” Stockholm, 2007

2. Ethanol Program in Brazil • 1925: First experiments with ethanol/gasoline blends • 1975: Ethanol program started after the 1st oil crisis • 1989: Leaded Gasoline forbiden. • 1993: E-20 to E-25 mandatory in all the country (33,000 gas stations) • 2003: Flex Fuel engines • 2006: 80% of new vehicles are Flex (2.5 million/year) • 615 million ton of CO2 avoided emissions, so far

3. Sugar Cane Output/Input Energy ~ 8.2* Ethanol production in 2006: 16 billion liters *Goldenberg, J.L.C Renewable Energies, Island Press, 1993

4. Ethanol Plants 313 Ethanol Plants 1 million employees 60,000 agric. producers 5 million ha (0.6 % of Br. area) 89 New plants are being contructed

5. Physical Productivity Source: Brazilian Agricultural Ministry

6. Sugar Cane Energy • 1 mton of Sugar Cane: • 1.7 103 kcal ~ 1.2 barrel of petroleum • Sugar cane bagasse is producing ~ 2,500 MW • Breakthrough: ethanol from bagasse and other residual biomass

7. Ethanol/Biodiesel Integration Barralcool (Mato Grosso State) Produces: 100,000 mt/year of Ethanol 50,000 mt/year of Biodiesel

8. Biodiesel Program • B2 mandatory at Jan/2008 (850,000 ton/year) • B5 mandatory at Jan/2010 (2013, originaly) Now: • 10 biodiesel plants working (500,000 ton/year) • 2,000 gas stations providing B2 • Some transportation companies using B30 • Projects: More than 100 new biodiesel plants LOW FEDERAL TAXES FOR SOCIAL PROJECTS AND POOR REGIONS

10. Palm Babassu Castor Sunflower Soybean, Tallow, Cotton Jatropha Peanut Canola

11. Soybean Biodiesel (Output/input energy ~ 3)* * NREL (USA) http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24089.pdf

12. Jatropha curcas Biodiesel Output/Input Energy ~ 5- 6* *Ref: Ouedraogo, 1991

13. Palm Oil Biodiesel

14. Output/Input Energy ~ 8* *Ref: Lor, E.E.S. et al, World Bioenergy http://www.svebio.se/attachments/33/295.pdf

15. 1st Biodiesel Plant – Heterogeneous Catalyst/Residual Feedstock (Crude Palm Fatty Acids) Patent:D. A. G. Aranda et al; PI0301103-8, 2003. D. A. G. Aranda et al, WO2004096962, 2004.

16. Operating Costs in a Conventional Transesterification Biodiesel Plant In a 100,000 t/year, it means US$ 5.3 Million/year !! Chemicals: US$ 4.5 Million/year Highly Acid Feedstocks: Loss in Refining

17. Operating Costs: Hydroesterification vs Transesterification (50,000 mton/year) If biodiesel plant is integrated with an ethanol plant, operating costs will be less than 2 ¢/L. No acidity limits in the feedstocks

18. CONCLUSIONS • Brazil is open to share experiences in biofuels and offers good opportunity for international colaborations and investments in this field. • Both ethanol and biodiesel production will significantly increase in the next years. There’s agricultural land to support this increasing. • Integration between ethanol and biodiesel plants is strongly competitive. • Biodiesel process is being adapted to tropical feedstcoks (larger acidity) with higher yields and lower operating costs.

19. Tack Själv ! www.greentec-ufrj.com “ Vi vet att Gud på alla sätt hjälper dem som älskar honom att nå det goda. Det är hans syfte med våra liv.” (Rm 8,28)

20. Biodiesel plant 100,000 t/year, oil costs: US$ 250/t and Biodiesel sold at US$ 0.60/L (No incentive scenario) b) Hydroesterification Gross Margin: 30.8% c) Hydroesterification integrated with Ethanol plant a) Regular Transesterification Gross Margin: 33.3 % Gross Margin: 24.1 %