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Supporting Materials

Supporting Materials. Chapter 15. Supporting Materials. Can be used for clarification or proof Can be used to support your claims Can be used as amplification. Define Unfamiliar Words And Concepts. Logical definitions -dictionary definitions

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Supporting Materials

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  1. Supporting Materials Chapter 15

  2. Supporting Materials • Can be used for clarification or proof • Can be used to support your claims • Can be used as amplification Chapter 15

  3. Define Unfamiliar Words And Concepts Logical definitions -dictionary definitions Etymological definitions - root meaning of the word Chapter 15

  4. Definitions Historical definitions – linked to some historical event Operational definitions – tell how the object works Chapter 15

  5. Definitions Definition by negation – explain what the word is not Authority – person with most credibility gets to define the term Example – by pointing at it verbally or literally Chapter 15

  6. Make Frequent Use of Examples • Use factual examples • Are sufficient examples given? • Are the examples representative? • Are negative instances accounted for? Chapter 15

  7. Make Frequent Use of Examples • Use hypothetical examples – not factual but it should be a likely or realistic example • Extended • Brief Chapter 15

  8. Examples • Make sure your examples are not biased • Use the appropriate amount of detail • Analyze the amount of detail you need Chapter 15

  9. Use Statistical Evidence • Test the accuracy of statistical evidence • Who collected the data? • Why were the data collected? • When were the data collected? • How were the data collected? Chapter 15

  10. Statistical Evidence • Avoid misleading statistics • The fallacy of average • The fallacy of the unknown base • The fallacy of the atypical or arbitrary time frame • Make your statistics clear and meaningful Chapter 15

  11. Draw on Testimonies from Authorities • Testimonies call on statements from other people to get our point across • Direct quotation • Paraphrase Chapter 15

  12. Evaluate the Credibility of the Authorities You Cite Does the authority have access to the necessary information? Is the authority qualified to interpret data? Chapter 15

  13. Evaluate the Credibility of the Authorities You Cite Is the person acknowledged as an expert on this subject? Is the authority figure free of bias and self-interest? Do not distort quotations Chapter 15

  14. Cite Your Sources Smoothly Cite the sources of your supporting materials Use a variety of lead-ins Chapter 15

  15. Sample questions...

  16. Definitions, examples, statistics and testimony all fall into what the text calls ----- for your speech.  Supporting materials

  17. Which should come first: --selecting evidence / supporting materials -- practicing delivery --setting up the basic structure of your speech--doing an audience analysis --setting up the basic structure of your speech

  18. We refer to supporting materials as --, even though it may be impossible to ever prove a point completely.  proof

  19. In helping the audience understand our terms and ideas, a(n) ---- definition is also known as dictionary definition.  logical

  20. Reasoning Chapter 16

  21. What is Reasoning? Reasoning is the process by which we come to understand something new, through analyzing and synthesizing what we already know. Sprague Chapter 16 21

  22. What is Reasoning? ** This concept is the foundation for thoroughly developing a thesis...and for an audience’s critical evaluation of the content used to support your thesis. ** Sprague Chapter 16 22

  23. Identify Where Reasoning is Needed to Link Points Evidence can lead to more than one claim People look for familiar patterns Sprague Chapter 16 23

  24. Inductive Reasoning Collecting enough instances to establish a pattern or drawing inferences/conclusions from observations. Sprague Chapter 16 24

  25. Inductive Reasoning Base inferences on sufficient and representative cases Recognize the degree of probability of your claim Demonstrate your cost-rewards analysis Sprague Chapter 16 25

  26. Deductive Reasoning Making verbal statements, or premises, according to formal rules or reasoning from generalizations to specific conclusions. Sprague Chapter 16 26

  27. Deductive Reasoning Finds the patterns in what you already know In a formal deductive syllogism, the major premise sets up an absolute relationship Sprague Chapter 16 27

  28. Deductive Reasoning Probable premises can lead only to probable conclusions Lay out all the premises of a deductive argument Sprague Chapter 16 28

  29. Causal Reasoning Is the backbone of all speeches that deal with policy and problem solving and is reasoning that one cause invariably leads to one effect Sprague Chapter 16 29

  30. Causal Reasoning • Test the validity of your causal relationships • Do the alleged cause and alleged effect occur together? • Do the alleged cause and alleged effect vary together? Sprague Chapter 16 30

  31. Causal Reasoning • Do not simplify the relationship • Some effects have multiple causes • Some cause are also effects • Explain your causal claims fully and fairly Sprague Chapter 16 31

  32. Reasoning by Analogy When we reason by analogy, we compare two things that can be placed in the same category Sprague Chapter 16 32

  33. Reasoning by Analogy Compares two things in the same category Be sure that the two cases are similar Sprague Chapter 16 33

  34. Reasoning by Analogy • Do not confuse a literal analogy with a figurative analogy • Literal analogy compares the members of the same category • Figurative analogy compares the members of different categories Sprague Chapter 16 34

  35. Avoid Common Reasoning Fallacies Ad hominem – attacking the person instead of the argument “Setting up a straw figure” – setting up a poor argument, attributing it to the other side, and refuting it. Sprague Chapter 16 35

  36. Avoid Common Reasoning Fallacies Extending an argument to absurd lengths – goes beyond a reasonable interpretation of the original point Sprague Chapter 16 36

  37. Avoid Common Reasoning Fallacies Slippery slope - false assumptions that if one takes a particular first step then they will automatically take other dangerous steps in the same direction. Sprague Chapter 16 37

  38. Avoid Common Reasoning Fallacies Circular reasoning - assumes as one of its premises the very conclusion it sets out to establish Semantic fallacy – when meanings of word shift mid argument Sprague Chapter 16 38

  39. Avoid Common Reasoning Fallacies False dichotomy – is reasoning based on an either-or statement when the two alternatives are not mutually exclusive Sprague Chapter 16 39

  40. Avoid Common Reasoning Fallacies Faulty reversal of an if-then statement - affirming the consequent or denying the antecedent Sprague Chapter 16 40

  41. Avoid Common Reasoning Fallacies • Hasty generalization - making a premature general conclusion • Confusing sequence with cause • Post hoc fallacy Sprague Chapter 16 41

  42. Show How Your Reasoning Links Your Evidence to Your Claim Organize points to show the logical relationship Select language that shows the logical relationship Sprague Chapter 16 42

  43. When we reason by -------, we compare two things that can be placed in the same category.  analogy

  44. Of the four patterns of reasoning, ------- is the simplest and most common, and consists of collecting enough instances to establish a pattern.  Inductive reasoning

  45. Among the various ‘reasoning fallacies,’ ----- is attacking the person instead of the argument Ad hominem

  46. Language and Style Chapter 17

  47. Strive for Clear Language Once we have realistic content that is well organized and well supported through good evidence... A good speech pulls the ideas togther through a performance Sprague Chapter 17 47

  48. Think back... • Three communication resources... • Draw on your conversation skills • Relaxed, spontaneous, etc. • Draw on your writing skills • Research and evidence • Draw on your performance skills • Timing, emotional build-up, eye contact Sprague Chapter 17 48

  49. Strive for Clear Language • Be precise • Use the proper word • Don’t misuse your metaphor Sprague Chapter 17 49

  50. Strive for Clear Language Use specific and concrete language Be economical in your language Sprague Chapter 17 50

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