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3 Quizzes 9/27: Ventricular System 11/20: Brainstem and Basal Ganglia 12/6: Cranial Nerves Clinical Notebooks Due : 11/13 ---- no late submissions accepted. 2 Exams 11/1: Somatosensory System, Visual System, Central Auditory System, and Vestibular System

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  1. 3 Quizzes 9/27: Ventricular System 11/20: Brainstem and Basal Ganglia 12/6: Cranial Nerves Clinical Notebooks Due: 11/13----no late submissions accepted 2 Exams 11/1: Somatosensory System, Visual System, Central Auditory System, and Vestibular System 11/27: Motor System: Cortical Level, Cerebellum, Brainstem, Basal Ganglia and Spinal Cord Class grades

  2. The Meningesandthe Ventricular System

  3. Learning Objectives • 1. Describe the meninges, their locations, and their functions. • 2. Identify parts of the ventricular cavities. • 3. Discuss functions of cerebrospinal fluid. • 4. Describe the mechanism of cerebrospinal fluid production. • 5. Describe the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. • 6. Explain the diagnostic significance of the cerebrospinal fluid.

  4. Protection of the CNS • Function: • CNS is fairly soft and gelatinous in nature • Basic protection

  5. Meninges of the Brain

  6. Meninges of the Brain • Three Meninges:

  7. The Meninges • Bhatnagar & Andy, 1995, Figure 2.45A

  8. Meningeal Layers: Dura Mater • Location: • Function:

  9. Meningeal Layers: Dura Mater • Structure: • Two spaces • Two fibrous layers of the dura

  10. The Meninges • Bhatnagar & Andy, 1995, Figure 2.45A

  11. The Meninges • Love & Webb, 1996, Figure 3-3

  12. Dural Extensions • Falx Cerebri • Location: • Cavity Formations:

  13. Dural Extensions on Midsagittal Section • Bhatnagar & Andy, 1995, Figure 2.43

  14. Dural Extensions on Coronal View • Bhatnagar & Andy, 1995, Figure 2.44A

  15. Dural Extensions • Tentorium Cerebelli • Location: • Tentorial Notch

  16. Dural Extensions on Midsagittal Section • Bhatnagar & Andy, 1995, Figure 2.43

  17. Dural Extensions on Coronal View • Bhatnagar & Andy, 1995, Figure 2.44A

  18. Dural Extensions • Falx Cerebelli • Location:

  19. Dural Extensions on Midsagittal Section • Bhatnagar & Andy, 1995, Figure 2.43

  20. Dural Extensions on Coronal View • Bhatnagar & Andy, 1995, Figure 2.44A

  21. Meningeal Layers: Arachnoid Membrane • Structure: • Location:

  22. Meningeal Layers: Arachnoid Membrane • Spaces: • 1. Subarachnoid space • 2. Subdural space:

  23. The Meninges • Bhatnagar & Andy, 1995, Figure 2.45A

  24. Arachnoid Villi or Granulations • Bhatnagar & Andy, 1995, Figure 2.41

  25. Meningeal Layers: Pia Mater • Location: • Structure:

  26. The Meninges and the Spinal Cord • Similar Structures

  27. The Spinal Cord and Its Meninges • Bhatnagar & Andy, 1995, Figure 2.46

  28. The Ventricles

  29. The Ventricular System • Three Parts: • Function:

  30. Ventricular System in Relation to Brain: Lateral View • Bhatnagar & Andy, 1995, Figure 2.37

  31. Ventricular System: Lateral View • Bhatnagar & Andy, 1995, Figure 2.35A

  32. Ventricular System: Dorsal View • Bhatnagar & Andy, 1995, Figure 2.35B

  33. The Lateral Ventricles • Structure and Shape: • Location: • Connection: • Choroid Plexus:

  34. Ventricular System in Relation to Brain: Lateral View • Bhatnagar & Andy, 1995, Figure 2.37

  35. The Third Ventricle • Location and Shape: • Connection: • Choroid Plexus:

  36. Ventricular System in Relation to Brain: Lateral View • Bhatnagar & Andy, 1995, Figure 2.37

  37. The Fourth Ventricle • Location: • Shape: • Structure: • Function:

  38. Ventricular System in Relation to Brain: Lateral View • Bhatnagar & Andy, 1995, Figure 2.37

  39. Subarachnoid Space • Location: • Arachnoid Trabeculae

  40. The Meninges • Bhatnagar & Andy, 1995, Figure 2.45A

  41. Ventricles • Inner Walls

  42. Cerebrospinal Fluid • Structure: • Circulation • Function:

  43. Choroid Plexus • Function: • Location:

  44. Path of CSF Circulation • Pathway: • Flows from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle • Via Monro’s foramen • Then flows from the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct • Then flows from the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space through three apertures • Two lateral Foramina of Luschka • One mediodorsal Magendie’s foramen • Then travels to reach the inferior surface of the cerebrum and moves superiorly over the lateral aspect of each hemisphere • Some of it moves into the subarachnoid space around the spinal cord

  45. The Ventricular System: Midsagittal View • Bhatnagar & Andy, 1995, Figure 18.2

  46. Circulation of the CSF • Love & Webb, 1996, Figure 3-6

  47. Clinical Considerations • Drainage of the CSF • Inadequate Drainage of the CSF

  48. Clinical Considerations • Rate of CSF Production • Disassociation between Production and Absorption Rate of the CSF

  49. Clinical Considerations • Hydrocephalus • Increased Pressure in the Brain • Sustained Pressure

  50. MRI of Enlarged Lateral Ventricles Secondary to Hydrocephalus • Bhatnagar & Andy, 1995, Figure 18.3

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