Ancient Middle East & Egypt 3200 B.C.-500B.C.

1. Ancient Middle East & Egypt 3200 B.C.-500B.C. Chapter 2

2. Ancient Sumer & Middle East Key Words Fertile Crescent hierarchy cuneiform Mesopotamia ziggurat Sumer Essential Questions: What were the characteristics of the worlds first civilization?

3. Fertile Crescent • Narrow region of good farm land along Tigris, Euphrates, & Nile Rivers of the Middle East • Mesopotamia: “Land between two rivers” • Sumer: world’s first civilization

4. Water, Water, everywhere • Tigris & Euphrates rivers flooded  major damage to homes & crops • Epic of Gilgamesh: Mesopotamian poem that told of a world-wide flood • Had few natural resources • Used bricks to build first cities • Maybe invented the wheel

5. Sumerian Civilization • Sumer= 12 separate city-states who battled for control • Complex Gov’t: • Leaders responsible for maintaining walls & irrigation, leading armies, enforcing laws, & lead religious ceremonies • Society Structure: • Hierarchy: system of ranking groups of people

6. Religion & Writing • Polytheistic: worshipped many gods • Ziggurat: large, stepped platform temple to house chief god of city & performed ceremonies in & around it • Cuneiform: Sumerian writing form, • Pictures + symbols • Records of money exchanges, myths & religion, and laws

7. Lasting Legacy • Sumerians developed early number system • Based on number 6, set up 60 minute hours & 360° circles • Developed basic algebra & geometry • Studied constellations, created accurate calendars, and predicted eclipses

8. Organize it! Ancient Sumer

9. Summary • How did the geography of Sumer help it develop? • What were major contributions made by Sumerians? • What were characteristics of the world’s first civilization? • Geography (Mesopotamia, Fertile Crescent) • Social Hierarchy (low, middle, high) • Cities from mud bricks • Polytheistic religions & ziggurats • Cuneiform, Algebra, Geometry, Time • Conquered by others • Main Idea?

10. INVADERS, TRADERS, & EMPIRES Chapter 2 Section 2

11. INVADERS, TRADERS, & EMPIRES KEY TERMS HAMMURABI CIVIL LAW CRIMINAL LAW NEBUCHADNEZZAR BARTER ECONOMY MONEY ECONOMY ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How did various strong rulers unite the lands of the Fertile Crescent?

12. First Empires in Mesopotamia • Hammurabi= Ruler of Babylon • Created written code of laws to govern people (Hammurabi’s Code) • Civil Law:private rights (property, marriages, taxes) • Criminal Law: offenses against others (robbery, murder, assault) • “Eye for an Eye” code of punishment

13. Conquests= New Empires • Assyrians: Most feared in Mesopotamia • Looted, then destroyed everything in their path • Built city of Nineveh & first library • Nebuchadnezzar: took over and strengthened Babylonian Empire • Rebuilt crumbling cities & made a moat & brick walls around city • Built beautiful “hanging gardens” for wife

14. Persian Empire • Persian Empire expanded from Asia Minor to India • Included Turkey, Iran, Egypt, Afghanistan, & Pakistan • King Darius I: built roads across empire & encouraged people to move to a money-based trade • Barter Economy:typical for the day, exchange of one set of goods/services for another • Money Economy: Exchanging goods/services for money and coins

15. Phoenicians (Fo-nee-shans) • Phoenicians became powerful on the sea and took over coastal cities • Best known for trade • Set up colonies to trade better with Africa, Italy, & Spain • Established a written alphabet • More advanced than cuneiform • Base for Greek alphabet English alphabet

16. Summary • How did strong rulers unite people of Fertile Crescent? • Established laws & government • Spread knowledge of tools/iron (Assyrians) • Spread knowledge through library & alphabet • Great architecture (Babylon) • Money economy & better trade

17. Kingdom on the Nile Chapter 2

18. Kingdom on the nile Key Words Bureaucracy Vizier Hatshepsut Amon-Re Mummification Hieroglyphics Rosetta Stone Essential Questions: “How did the Nile Rover influence the rise of the powerful civilization of Egypt?” How did religion and learning play important roles in ancient Egyptian civilization?

19. Geography Shapes Egypt • W/O Nile River, Egypt= desert • Nile= world’s longest river • Annual flood= farming benefits • Able to store water for later use • Egypt= 2 Regions (Upper & Lower)

20. Old Kingdom • Ancient Egypt history: divided into 3 kingdoms (Old Middle, New) • Dynasty: ruling family, power and land passed from one to another • Pharaohs: kings(absolute power) • Bureaucracy: system of gov’t, includes different job functions & levels of authority • Vizier: supervised business side of gov’t (taxes, irrigation, farming, etc.) Built during Old Kingdom

21. Middle Kingdom • Power struggles, crop failures, & economic failure fall of Old Kingdom • Corruption & Rebellion & unpredictable flooding of Nile= turbulent Middle Kingdom

22. Behind Every great man is a… • After 100 years of Hyksos rule= New Kingdom & leaders • Hatshepsut: first female pharaoh • Thutmose III: Stepson, great military leader, expanded Egypt’s borders • 332 BC Greeks took control then Romans

23. Religion Shapes life in Egypt • Egyptians made lasting contributions to civilization in many areas: science, religion, language, writings, art, literature, etc. • Old Kingdom= “Sun god”, Re • Middle Kingdom= Supreme god, Amon-Re • Egyptians viewed gods & kings/pharaohs equally

24. Isis & Osiris • Isis= goddess of afterlife • Osiris= ruler of the dead • Osiris ruled Egypt until brother killed him & cut up body all over Egypt • Isis saved him, reassembled pieces, brought back to life • Osiris became god of the dead & of the Nile

25. Mummification • Mummification: preserves body by embalming & wrapping in cloth • Soul would be able to return to this body in afterlife • Buried in pyramid with all of belongings (to take with you) • Usually just for pharaohs & leaders • Preserved body so well, recognized thousands of years later

26. Learning in Egypt • Wrote language in hieroglyphics • Written language using symbols and pictures • Deciphered by Rosetta Stone • Contained 3 languages used to decipher hieroglyphics • Invented material to write on=papyrus (paper) • Applied science and math to astronomy & constellations, construction of pyramids, and calendar

27. Summary • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/explore-ancient-egypt.html • http://www.pbs.org/empires/egypt/ • What are the three main periods of Egyptian history? • Why was Hatshepsut important? • How did Egypt benefit from the Nile River? • Main Idea: • The history of Egypt can be divided into three kingdoms, Old, Middle, and New. The success of Egypt depended on the Nile River.