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PM in Europe - State and past trends

PM in Europe - State and past trends. Emissions and concentration levels Steinar Larssen Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) European Topic Centre for Air Quality and Climate Change (ETC-ACC). Conclusions on PM emissions.

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PM in Europe - State and past trends

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  1. PM in Europe - State and past trends Emissions and concentration levels Steinar Larssen Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) European Topic Centre for Air Quality and Climate Change (ETC-ACC)

  2. Conclusions on PM emissions • PM emission and trends data have been improved, but are still uncertain • Primary PM10 and precursor gases emissions have been reduced by 18 % and 40% since 1990, respectively. • Source contributions: - differs in EU15 and AC13 • Resuspension of particles from road surfaces in an important source, but poorly quantified; source strength highly dependent on weather/climatic conditions

  3. PM10emissions, 2000 European emissions of primary PM10 and PM10 precursors, 2000 (in ktonnes) 29 countries

  4. 35 EU15 30 AC13 25 20 % contribution 15 10 5 0 Energy Industry Other (Energy Road Agriculture Waste Industries (Energy + + Non Energy) Transport Processes) PM10 emissions, 2000 Source contributions, primary PM10

  5. 50 45 EEA18 40 AC13 35 30 25 % contribution 20 15 10 5 0 Energy Industry Other (Energy Road Agriculture Waste Industries (Energy + + Non Energy) Transport Processes) PM emissions, 2000 Source contributions, PM precursor gases (weighted)

  6. Primary PM10 Precursor gases PM10 emission trends 1990-2000

  7. Conclusions on state of PM10, 2001 • Data from 928 stations (97 / 417 / 293 / 77) 750 cities and towns • Methods: Beta 40% ; Gravi 20% ; TEOM 20% ; nondef 20% • Limit value exceedances at 34% of the stations • Limit value exceedances in cities with total 30 mill people • Population exposure: Remember importance of indoor exposure • Average annual concentrations Rural 20.6 µg/m3 Urban 25.2 µg/m3 Traffic 32.1 µg/m3

  8. From 89 traffic/urban station pairs: • 35% higher concentration at traffic stations • Up to 90% higher • Regional differences • Rural background higher in some accession countries and in NL, BE and NW DE • Urban concentrations highest in Southern/Eastern Europe? • The indicative LV for 2010 was exceeded at most stations in cities and at about 50% at the rural sites. • Significant uncertainty in such summary assessments due to • Representativeness of stations • Different monitoring methods

  9. PM10 concentrations, Europe 2001 Some statistics

  10. PM10 2001 Map PM10 Rural stations Annual average Note: different methods,no corrections(also following maps)

  11. PM10 2001 Map PM10 Rural stations ”Max 36”

  12. PM10 2001 Map Urban background ”Max 36”

  13. PM10 2001 Map PM 10 Hot spot ”Max 36”

  14. ”Population exposure” to PM10 Population in cities according to concentration range, ”max 36”

  15. 200 MAX8 MAX36 180 stage 1 stage 2 160 y = 2,4747x Linear (MAX36) Linear (MAX8) 140 120 y = 1,65x 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 annual average ug/m3 PM10 2001 Distribution of concentrations at stations Rural stations

  16. 200 MAX8 MAX36 180 stage 1 y = 2,3613x stage 2 160 Linear (MAX36) Linear (MAX8) 140 120 y = 1,6026x 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 annual average ug/m3 PM10 2001 Distribution of concentrations at stations Urban stations

  17. 250 MAX8 MAX36 stage 2 stage 1 200 Linear (MAX36) Linear (MAX8) y = 2,1903x 150 y = 1,5476x 100 50 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 annual average ug/m3 PM10 2001 Distribution of concentrations at stations Street stations

  18. PM10 for station types PM10, Annual average mean - max 90 2001 max 80 70 60 50 ug/m3 40 30 mean 20 10 0 rural urban street

  19. PM10 at hot-spot stations, 2001 Data from ”station pairs”Ratio PM10 street / PM10 urban, Annual average Average ratio: 1.34  0.25 Also up to 50 more daily exceedances at street station

  20. Conclusions on PM10 past tendencies • Time series are too short (1997-2001) to conclude statistically on trend • Only 6 countries have a significant amount of stations reporting data since 1997 (UK, NL, BE, CZ, CH, ES) • The tendency is towards lower concentrations (15-20%) but the tendency is not monotonic • The upward tendency since 1999 is to a large extent guided by the tendency in the Czech Republic.

  21. The tendency, and absolute amount of reduction, is on the average, about the same for rural, urban and hot-spot areas • Much of the downward tendency can be explained by reductions in rural concentrations of secondary inorganic particles (SO4, NO3, ....)

  22. PM10 concentration tendencies 1997-2001 Annual average183 stations 36th highest day193 stations

  23. PM10 trends1997-2001 Location of stations with >4 years with data Mainly UK, NL, BE, CH, CZ, ES

  24. The use of correction factors for PM10 Information extracted from the Compliance Reporting Questionnaire, for 2001 Total stations: 1098 No methods info on 353 stations

  25. PM10 correction factors on AirBase data

  26. 70 CH(4) DE(8) 60 ES(4) JRC(1) 50 40 3 µg/m 30 20 10 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 PM Rural tendencies 1992-2001 PM (”SPM”) at EMEP stations, country averages CH: PM10 from 1997 onwardsDE: PM10 from 1999 onwards Source: EMEP-CCC

  27. 45 CH(6) CZ(19) 40 UK(3) NL(7) DE(8) 35 ES(5) 30 25 3 µg/m 20 15 10 5 0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 PM Rural tendencies 1997-2001 Country averages CH: PM10DE: PM10 from 1999 onwards

  28. PM10 Rural tendencies Secondary inorganic particles (SO4) (EMEP data) Rough estimate of reduction of sulfate and nitrate particles 1997-2000: Source: EMEP-CCC~ 5 µg/m3

  29. 100,00 90,00 80,00 70,00 BE(3) 60,00 CH(4) CZ(29) 50,00 UK(29) NL(5) PL(4) 40,00 SE(2) 30,00 20,00 10,00 0,00 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 PM10 Urban tendencies 1997-2001 Urban background, 36th highest day, country averages

  30. 160,00 140,00 120,00 BE(4) CH(2) 100,00 CZ(5) DE(1) ES(17) 80,00 FI(2) UK(5) NL(4) 60,00 PL(1) PT(1) 40,00 20,00 0,00 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 PM10 Street tendencies 1997-2001 Traffic stations, 36th highest day, country averages

  31. Conclusions on other PM metrics • Available data on PM2.5, PM1.0 and UFP are too scarce to draw firm conclusions • The PM2.5 / PM10 ratio is about 0.65 (average 0.4-0.8) • The indicative PM2.5 LV of 20 µg/m3 (aa) was • met at all rural and most urban sites • exceeded at 15 or 23 traffic sites

  32. PM1.0 was reported from 15 stations in 4 countries • The PM1.0 / PM2.5 ratio was about 0.75 • Annual average PM1.0 range: 6-21 µg/m3 • Max. 24 h concentration: 147 µg/m3 • UFP was reported from 15 stations in 5 countries • High surplus burden of UFP at traffic sites

  33. PM2.5 Concentrations, Europe 2001 • 13 countries with data • 119 station years 38 urban background 23 traffic 58 rural • Methods: Gravimetry: 8 countries TEOM: 6 countries

  34. PM2.5 at urban and street stations 36 of 61 stations met a threshold of 20 µg/m3 in 2001

  35. PM2.5 Ratio 90%-ile (day) to annual average

  36. Ratio PM2.5 / PM10 Somewhat higher at rural than at traffic stations, reflecting resuspension at traffic stations

  37. PM1.0 concentrations, 2001 • 4 countries • 15 station years • no rural stations • Range: 6-21 µg/m3 annual average • Max. daily: > 50 µg/m3 at most stations • Max. 24 h conc: 147 µg/m3

  38. PM ratios

  39. 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 Number of UFP 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 <10 <50 <100 <280 <500 <800 <1000 Total Size fraction Ultra-fine particles, UFP 2001 Number size distributions  Traffic Urban background Rural background

  40. 100000 90000 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 Number of UFP 30000 20000 10000 0 R(B) SB U(B) T 0 1 2 3 4 5 Station type UFP 2001 Total number of particles

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