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TOPICS. What is ICT and Computer Literacy? What is a Computer? Difference between Computer Hardware and Software Standard Input and Output devices KEYBOARD MOUSE MONITOR Other Input and Output devices The CPU The Computers Memory or RAM Difference between RAM and ROM

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  1. TOPICS • What is ICT and Computer Literacy? • What is a Computer? • Difference between Computer Hardware and Software • Standard Input and Output devices • KEYBOARD • MOUSE • MONITOR • Other Input and Output devices • The CPU • The Computers Memory or RAM • Difference between RAM and ROM • How the Computer does its job • Storage Media • Introducing the Windows Desktop • How to create files • How to create folders • How to find and start or launch applications • Shutting down Windows and the Computer. • Computer Networks • The Internet PREVIOUS NEXT

  2. 1.) WHAT IS ICT AND COMPUTER LITERACY? Nowadays knowing about the Computer and being able to use it to perform various task is a must for anyone who is interested in future job opportunities and career advancement. More and more businesses, companies and institutions have come to depend on the use of Computers to their day to day operations. It has almost become a requirement for anyone looking for a new job to acquire some basic Computer Skills. Computer Literacy is the knowledge and the ability to use the Computer to perform various tasks. Computer Literacy creates opportunities for many people and increases their chances of becoming employed with Companies anywhere in the world. PREVIOUS NEXT

  3. WHY ARE MORE AND MORE COMPANIES RELYING ON THE USE OF COMPUTERS FOR THEIR DAILY OPERATIONS? • Computers work more efficiently than humans • Computers can perform tasks much faster than humans • Computers can do more work • It saves Companies money PREVIOUS NEXT

  4. Lately there has been a lot of talk about ICT which is short for Information and Communications Technology. ICT Literacy is basically an expansion on Computer Literacy. ICT literacy begins with Computer literacy. ICT covers all forms of Computer and Communications equipment as well as the software used to create, store, transmit, receive, interpret, and manipulate information in its various formats. Information come in various formats and it is all around us: • Voice Conversation • Text • pictures • Data • Motion Pictures or Video • Multimedia Presentations • Radio and Wireless Broadcast • Television Broadcast ICT deals with all the systems including the hardware and software involved in creating, storing, sending, receiving and manipulating these kinds of information. PREVIOUS NEXT

  5. 2.) WHAT IS A COMPUTER? A Computer is an electronic device that accepts a series of instructions and performs the actions contained in those instructions. These series of instructions or commands are usually created and organized in a language that the Computer understands. A computer simply does what humans tell it to do. If you click on a program on your computer you are simply telling the Computer to execute the instructions contained in that program. The Computer’s processing cycle is as follows: Get Input ==> Process Input ==> Send Ouput or Store Results PREVIOUS NEXT

  6. 3.) DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE The Computer has two basic parts: HARDWARE and SOFTWARE HARDWARE includes all the physical components of the Computer which you can see and touch.This includes the following: • system unit • monitor • keyboard • mouse • Hard Drive • Floppy Drive • CD-Rom Drive • Peripherals such as printers, scanners, speakers The are other hardware components inside the Computer case which one cannot see until they open the Computer. These include the motherboard, the CPU, Memory chips, adapter cards, power supply and others. PREVIOUS NEXT

  7. SOFTWARE is any organized series of instructions that the Computer executes to accomplish a specific task. Computer software is also called a program or an application. A Computer needs software to be able to function. At a minimum the Computer must have an Operating System software such as Windows XP to allow it any meaningful tasks. The Operating System [abbreviated as OS or O/S ] is the software component of the computer that takes care of managing and coordinating activities and the sharing of the computer’s resources. The Operating System is designed to run other programs or applications. It manages both hardware and software resources. It recognizes input from external or input devices and sends output to OUTPUT devices such as the Computer’s monitor. The Operating system also manage files on the hard drives and controls peripherals, like printers and scanners. PREVIOUS NEXT

  8. The Operating System also manages files on the hard drives and controls peripherals, like printers and scanners. Other examples of software apart from the OS include: • Microsoft Word • Microsoft Excel • Gaming programs (Solitaire) If you click on any of the above programs to launch the Computer simple follows and executes the instructions contained in these programs to carry out the tasks intended. PREVIOUS NEXT

  9. 4.) STANDARD INPUT AND OUPUT DEVICES To be able to communicate with the Computer and use it meaningfully, the Computer has three basic hardware devices attached to it. These are the standard input and output devices. The monitor, keyboard and mouse are the standard input-output devices. There are two standard input devices attached to the Computer. These are the Mouse and the Keyboard. a.) THE KEYBOARD: PREVIOUS NEXT

  10. The keyboard is used to type information into the computer. When you type a document the keyboard sends characters to the computer and it is displayed on the monitor to help you see what you are typing. The keyboard has a series of buttons or keys with labels on them. On the keyboard you will see the following keys: • LETTERS & CHARACTERS • NUMBERS • ENTER • BACKSPACE • SPACEBAR • SHIFT • TAB • CAPS LOCK (Capitalizes all letters you type) • DELETE • NUMERIC KEYPAD • FUNCTION KEYS • PAGE UP • PAGE DOWN • HOME • END • INSERT • ARROW KEYS (Up, Down, Left, Right) PREVIOUS NEXT

  11. b.) THE MOUSE • The mouse in an input device just like the keyboard. • It is used to select objects and text as well as to display pop-up menus. • Some mice have only two buttons (the LEFT and RIGHT buttons) • Some mice have either a middle third button in addition to the LEFT and RIGHT buttons. PREVIOUS NEXT

  12. The most commonly used buttons on the mouse are the LEFT and RIGHT buttons. • Normal or regular clicking is done with the LEFT mouse button. You can single click or double-click on this button to send a signal to the Computer. • If you click on the RIGHT mouse button we say that you are RIGHT clicking. • When you RIGHT-click on the desktop or any object a list will be displayed. This is called the pop-up menu. RIGHT BUTTON LEFT BUTTON SCROLL WHELL PREVIOUS NEXT

  13. c.) THE MONITOR • The Monitor is the standard output device to the Computer. • Some people refer to the monitor as the display or screen. • The monitor allows you to see what the Computer is doing. It displays or shows information on the screen when you type or launch an application. PREVIOUS NEXT

  14. 5.) OTHER INPUT and OUTPUT DEVICES • In the general sense an INPUT device is any device that allows a Computer user to send signals or information to the Computer. This information can be in the form of characters, sound or pictures. • An output device on the other hand allows the user to see or hear what the computer is doing. • Devices attached to the Computer other than the standard input and output devices are referred to as peripherals. A peripheral can be an input or output device. A printer is an example of a peripheral and it is an output device. A set of speakers is an example of a peripheral and it is an output device. A modem or DSL router is a peripheral. • Your Computer can work without peripheral devices such as a printer, a scanner or a modem but you cannot achieve much with your Computer in the absence of a Keyboard and a Mouse and a monitor. Group the following under input and output devices: • KEYBOARD • MOUSE • PRINTER • MONITOR • SPEAKERS OR EARPHONE • WEBCAM • SCANNER PREVIOUS NEXT

  15. 6. THE CPU • CPU is short for Central Processor Unit. It is sometimes referred to as the Microprocessor. • Located inside the Computer case on the motherboard, the CPU carries out the main functions of the computer. It is the brain of the computer and executes the all instructions sent to the Computer. If you click or double-click on a program with the mouse, the CPU interprets the command and launches the program. The CPU will at the same time tell the monitor to show you what the program is doing. • Many people refer to the main Computer case as the CPU but the CPU is actually an electronic chip or integrated circuit inside the computer case. • The CPU with the help of its registers and the Computer’s memory carries out the instructions required to perform various tasks while interacting with other parts of the computer including the input and output devices, storage media and peripherals. • How fast you computer runs programs is mostly dependent on the speed at which the CPU executes instructions contained in those programs. The speed of the CPU is measured in Megahertz [ MHz ]. • Some Computers run as Gigahertz speeds [GHz]. • 1000MHz = 1GHz PREVIOUS NEXT

  16. 7. THE COMPUTER’S MEMORY (RAM) • The CPU uses the Computer’s memory, also known as RAM for temporary storage while running programs or accepting text from the keyboard. • RAM is short for Random Access Memory. It is a temporary storage space. • Both the CPU and the RAM are located on the motherboard. • The bigger the amount of memory inside the Computer the better your computer performs.That means more RAM is better. The Computer can run multiple applications and still be able to maintain high performance. • Unlike other storage media such as the hard disk or CDRom, RAM loses its content when you turn off or restart the computer. For this reason RAM is said to be volatile storage media • The amount of memory or RAM in the computer is measured in Gigabye, MegaBytes or KiloBytes. • 1024 kilobytes = 1 Megabyte • 1024 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte • The Computer utilizes another kind of memory called ROM (i.e Read Only Memory). This memory is pre-programmed with instructions that the CPU reads and processes when the computer is powered up. • ROM is non-volatile memory. Information in ROM stays permanently and is not lost when you shutdown or reboot the computer PREVIOUS NEXT

  17. 8.DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RAM AND ROM • RAM is volatile memory and ROM is non-volatile memory. • RAM stores information temporarily whiles the computer is still running. • Information inside the ROM is electronically pre-programmed and is mostly permanent. • RAM loses all its content when the computer is powered off or restarted. • ROM maintains its information even when the computer is powered off. PREVIOUS NEXT

  18. 9. HOW DOES THE COMPUTER PERFORM ITS FUNCTIONS? After you push the power button to turn on the Computer, it goes through a series of startup routines. The Computer checks critical components to ensure that they are in good operating condition. This process is called POST.POST stands for Power On Self Test. After successfully going through the POST procedures, the boot process is handed over to the installed Operating System if one is found. The Operating System or OS continues the boot process and takes it into the user interface like Windows. Once the user interface of the OS is up you are ready to launch your programs or send commands to the Computer using the attached input devices such as mouse and Keyboard. PREVIOUS NEXT

  19. 10. STORAGE MEDIA • Storage media are hardware devices used to store information or data until it is needed. Information on a storage media can be retrieved, viewed and modified using the applications that were used create them. • When you create a file or a document you normally would like to save it to the hard disk so you can retrieve it at another time when it is needed. There are two kinds of Storage Media? • Temporary Storage Media such as the Computer Memory or RAM • Mass Storage Media such as the hard disk or USB disk • A temporary storage medium such as RAM is used by the CPU while running programs and applications. The CPU reads the programs and parts of their data into RAM from the hard disk for quick access while the program is still running. It is faster for the CPU to communicate with RAM than with the hard disk. • Mass Storage devices such as the hard disk or CDRom is used for storing information until they are manually deleted or erased by the Computer user. Information on a mass storage media is not lost when the Computer is turned off or rebooted. HARD DISK FLOPPY DISK USB or PEN DRIVE PREVIOUS NEXT

  20. To help you identify and manage your files and folders the Computer uses letters to represent each storage media installed inside or attached to it. For example C: for the primary hard disk, D: for the CD-ROM, E: for the USB drive etc. These identifying letters differ from one computer to the other depending on how many storage devices are installed on the Computer. You can store your files on one of the mass storage media: • Hard Disk • Floppy Diskette • USB Drive • writeable CD-ROM or DVD The above are all HARDWARE components of your Computer. PREVIOUS NEXT

  21. 11. INTRODUCTION TO THE WINDOWS DESKTOP • When the Computer is turned on it goes through a series self-checks to ensure that all its basic hardware are good operating conditions. Once the normal checks complete the Computer continues to boot using the Operating System software that exists on the Computer. • The Computer is said to be going through the BOOT process whiles we are waiting for the User interface such Windows XP to come up. • The Operating System manages and coordinates activities on the Computer. It manages and coordinates the sharing of the computer’s resources including hardware and software resources. It runs other programs or applications. It recognizes input from external or input devices and sends output to OUTPUT devices such as the Computer’s monitor. • If your Computer is installed with a Windows Operating system such as Windows XP the boot process will eventually take you into Windows. • The first thing you see when the Computer boots into windows is the Windows Desktop. PREVIOUS NEXT

  22. The Windows Desktop PREVIOUS NEXT

  23. The Desktop is the main or initial screen (mostly empty space) you see when windows launches. The little images you see on the Desktop are called icons. • Icons provide you with easy access to the applications installed on the Computer. When you double-click one of these icons the associated applications launches or runs. Icons are also called shortcuts. • Some Icons or Shorcuts on the Desktops are automatically created when new applications are installed on the Computer. You can also create your own icons on the desktop to provide you with quick access to programs, files and folders. THE TASKBAR • This is a bar that normally stretches across the bottom of your main screen. If you are running any applications they will be shown as tasks in the taskbar. Start Menu Button The Windows Taskbar Quick Launch Bar Tasks PREVIOUS NEXT

  24. The QUICK LAUNCH BAR: This is located between the Start Menu Button and the TaskBar. • The Quick Launch bar contains shortcuts to applications. Windows provides default entries, such as Internet Explorer, and the user or third-party software may add any further shortcuts that they choose. • A SINGLE Click on an icon on the Quick Launch Bar launches the application. Icons on the Desktop however need to be double-clicked to run. • The Quick Launch bar can be enabled or disabled. It can be turned on or off by right clicking on the taskbar and choosing the properties option in the list. PREVIOUS NEXT

  25. START BUTTON: This a button to the extreme left side of the task bar. If you click on this button a menu shows up listing all the programs you can access or run on your Computer.This menu is the START MENU. • The Start Button and Start Menu serve as the launching point for applications and tasks. Start Menu The default Start Menu for Windows XP PREVIOUS NEXT

  26. ICONS AND SHORTCUTS • What are ICONS and SHORTCUTS used for? • ICONS are the little images you see on the desktop. They represent links to actual programs, files or documents. • Icons provide quick access to your files and programs and applications • Icons on the desktop are also called SHORTCUTS. They provide quick access to files, folders and programs. • Instead of accessing a program by using the Start Menu, you can simply double-click on the shortcut to launch or run the program or open your document. PREVIOUS NEXT

  27. 12.) HOW TO CREATE FILES • Creating a file means making a file. • In Windows XP there are many different ways to make or create a file. METHOD-1: • On the desktop (main screen) or Start Menu, double-click the My Computer icon. • Right-Click on the mass storage device where you want to create the folder. (e.g C: drive) • Select Explore from the list that appears. This list is the Pop-Up menu • This will open a window with two panes (Left Pane and Right Pane). On the left is a list of all the main folders and on the right is a list of the the sub-folders and files under each main folder (when you click on a main folder) • If you click on a main folder (in the left pane) the list in the right pane changes to show you all the existing folders currently in the main folder you just selected. • Right click in any empty space in the right pane. • Select New from the list and it will expand. Select the type of file you wish to create from the new list. • A new document is created at the bottom of the list of files and folders with a name matching the type of file you have chosen to create. It will be highlighted if you haven’t moved the mouse. • Type in a name for the file. e.g. testfile • Hit Enter key and the file will have the new name you just typed. • Since you just created this file, it will have no content. It is an empty file. • Double-click on the name of the new file you just created and the program or application of the file type will open. Add content and save your filein creating, storing, sending, receiving and manipulating these kinds of information. PREVIOUS NEXT

  28. METHOD-2: You can also create files directly on the Desktop. • Using the mouse, right-click and empty space on the Desktop. • A Popup Menu will appear listing your options. • Click on New and choose the kind of file you want to create. • Give the file a name and press enter. • This will create an empty file for you. • To add content just double-click on the new file to launch the associated application such as MS Word. METHOD-3: You can also create a file by starting the application related to the type of file you wish to create. You can then create the file from within the application and save it to a storage medium of your choosing. PREVIOUS NEXT

  29. 13.) HOW TO CREATE FOLDERS Folders are used to organize files and documents on the computer to make them easy to find. To keep things organized on your computer, create folders for different documents and files.Once your files or documents are well organized on the computer it is easy to access or retrieve them. There are various methods for creating folders on a mass storage device such as hard disk. METHOD-1: • On the desktop (main screen) or Start Menu, double-click the My Computer icon. • Right-Click on the mass storage device where you want to create the folder. (e.g C: drive) • Select Explore from the list that appears. • This will open a window with two panes (Left Pane and Right Pane). On the left is a list of all the main folders and on the right is a list of the the sub-folders and files under each main folder (when you click on a main folder) • If you click on a main folder (in the left pane) the list in the right pane changes to show you all the existing folders currently in the main folder you just selected. • Right click in any empty space in the right pane. • Select New from the list and it will expand. Select Folder from the new list. • A new folder is created at the bottom of the list of files and folders with the name New Folder. It will be highlighted if you haven’t moved the mouse. • Type in a name for the folder. e.g. myhome • Hit Enter key and the folder will have the new name you typed. PREVIOUS NEXT

  30. How to create folders METHOD-2: You can also create or make a folder on the Windows Desktop. • Right-Click an empty space on the Desktop. A Popup Menu will appear. • Click on New and choose the Folder option. • Give the folder a name. PREVIOUS NEXT

  31. WHAT DO YOU DO IF YOU FORGET WHERE YOUR FILES AND FOLDERS ARE STORED? • Every Windows OS comes with a search tool for finding files and folders on the Computer. • If you click on the Start menu and select the Search program the following window will be displayed • The Search Window shows a LEFT and a RIGHT pane. • In the left pane fill in the appropriate information relating to the file or folder you are looking for. • Then click on the Search button. • If your file or folder is found it will be displayed in the right pane. Above window will also displayed if you press the function key F3. PREVIOUS NEXT

  32. 14.) HOW TO FIND AND LAUNCH APPLICATIONS OR PROGRAMS. • When new applications are installed in Windows they normally create a group icon in the Start menu under the All Programs submenu. (Start  All Programs ). • Some applications also install an icon or shortcut on the Desktop which is linked to the program’s executable. • Double-clicking on an icon will start the related program. • Other ways for finding and starting an application include searching for the program as shown previously or looking in the folder in which the program was installed. • For hands on practice look for the following Microsoft applications, launch them and close them • Microsoft Word • Microsoft Excel • Microsoft PowerPoint PREVIOUS NEXT

  33. 15.) SHUTTING DOWN WINDOWS AND THE COMPUTER If you are done with your work, you normally need to shutdown the Computer. This is recommended practice and it is required by some Companies. In some cases, especially if the Computer is a server, it is allowed to run for a long time. To shutdown the Computer from within Windows XP do the following: • Click on the Start Button to display the Start Menu below PREVIOUS NEXT

  34. Choose the “Turn off Computer” icon • From the screen that pops up choose Turn Off On modern Computers, the above procedure will close all currently opened applications, save your user profile and settings and actually power off the computer. In older computers you will need to push the power button to turn the Computer off after Windows notifies you that it is safe to turn of the computer. PREVIOUS NEXT

  35. 16. COMPUTER NETWORKS Computer Networks have helped in the accelerated development of ICT and Computers. • A Computer Network consists of a group of interconnected computers and other hardware devices such as printers. • Two or more Computers can be connected together using special cables and communication devices to form a Network. • The primary benefit of a network is to allow resources to be shared between computers.For instance a group of computers on a network can share files. They can also share a Printer connected to the same network. A Simple Network: • The simplest form of a Computer Networks is made up of interconnected Computers and other devices within a small environment such as a room or a building. • Such Networks are called Local Area Networks. A Local Area Network or LAN is normally localized within one building or on a floor within the building. PREVIOUS NEXT

  36. A SIMPLE NETWOK Hub or Switch Workstation • In the Network above the Computers can share files stored on the File Server Computer. File Server PREVIOUS NEXT

  37. 17.) THE INTERNET What is the Internet? • The Internet is a network of several computers all over the world that store and share information with other computers. • Any computer that is connected to the internet can be used to retrieve or access information made available by other computers on the Internet. • You can use the Internet to look at a wide variety of information. • The Internet is sometimes called the World Wide Web. • People access the Internet by using special programs called Web Browsers. An example of a Web Browser is the Internet Explorer or FireFox. What are some uses of the Internet? • Research ==> Search for information on topics of interest • Education ==> Learn new subjects or take part in distant learning • Entertainment ==>Listen to music, watch video clips or news • E-mail or Electronic Mail ==> Send and Receive electronic messages • Downloads ==> Transfer files, programs and documents to your computer PREVIOUS NEXT

  38. THE INTERNET PREVIOUS NEXT

  39. HOW DO COMPUTERS CONNECT TO THE INTERNET? • Computers connect to the internet through Communication Devices and Networks. • A Communication Device is the electronic device that enables one computer to talk to another computer. It allows one Computer to send and receive information to and from other Computers. An example of a Communication device is the modem. • A modem can be used to connect a Computer to the Internet through the basic telephone line. • The modem is rapidly being replaced by other electronic devices such as Cable and DSL routers. • The communication device that will be used depends on which Internet Service Provider you use to connect to the Internet. • An Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a company that has their communication equipment and computers connected to the internet through high speed links. They provide internet services to other companies, internet café’s and to individuals. • The transfer of information occurs over telephone lines, cables, satellites etc, • These are called Transmission Media PREVIOUS NEXT

  40. POPULAR WORDS AND PHRASES ASSOCIATED WITH THE INTERNET • WEBSITE ==> the location of an internet resource. A pointer to an information source • VISIT ==> to go to a specific site on the Internet • SEARCH => to look for information on the web • BROWSE => to move from one website to another • EXPLORE => to move from one website to another • BROWSER => the application that you use to access the Internet (e.g. Internet • Explorer, FireFox or Netscape) • FAVORITES => contains a list of websites you have saved or bookmarked • BOOKMARK ==> to save a website in your favorites for easy access in the future • DOWNLOAD => to transfer files from the Internet onto your Computer • SEARCH ENGINE => provides tools for searching for information on the Internet. Google and Yahoo are examples of Search Engines • WEB ADDRESS ==> the location of an internet resource ( e.g. www.yahoo.com) PREVIOUS NEXT

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