Chapter 25: The Reach of imperialism

1. Chapter 25: The Reach of imperialism Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia

2. The New Imperialism • What is Imperialism? • Extension of a nation’s power over other lands • Trading posts had been set up before in Africa and the Americas • What is the New Imperialism? • Fewer trading posts • More of a direct control over territories • Setting up governments • What was the rationale? • New markets for raw materials (oil, rubber, spices) • Acquiring new lands to better themselves over rivals • Source of national prestige

3. The New Imperialism • Racism and Imperialism • Racism: belief that race determines traits and capabilities • Europeans believed that Anglo-Saxons were superior to all other races • “The White Man’s Burden” • It was the job of Anglo-Saxons to teach moral responsibilities to the “heathen masses” • Also responsible for spreading Christianity • Bring Democracy and capitalism to territories

4. Colonial Takeover • Great Britain • 1819: Established Singapore (“city of the lion”) • Stop over point for people travelling to China • Took over Burma • Used it to protect its control of India • France • Vietnam • Saw British invasion of southeast Asia as a threat • French missionaries had been in area for years • French government forces Vietnamese government to accept French protection • In following years, took over Laos, Annam, and Tonkin

5. Colonial Takeover • Thailand • Remained independent but stuck between French and British rule • Two kings maintained rule of Thailand • Both promoted Western ideas and kept friendly ties with all European powers • Both France and Great Britain agreed to allow Thailand to remain independent • USA • Spanish American War (1898) • Goal was to protect Philippines from Spanish tyranny • Also wanted to protect them from Japanese imperialism • Took control of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam • Philippines later given independence

6. Colonial Regimes • Indirect Rule • A colonial government where the locals were allowed to maintain rule and keep local authority • Allowed for easier access to natural resources • Cheaper because fewer officials needed to be trained • Affected local culture less • Direct Rule • Colonial government where local elites were removed from office • Replaced officials with new government from colonizing country • Led to inclusion of Western civilization and cultures • Native people generally not given voting or political rights

7. Colonial Economies • Benefits of Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia • Construction of railroads and highways • Development of an export market • Allowed for the small farmers of products to gain capital from these products • Drawbacks to Colonial rule in Southeast Asia • Increase in taxes on the peasants • Poor working conditions on plantations led to death • Poor wages on plantations so owners could make more money

8. Resistance to Colonial Rule • Vietnam • Resistance to the French • Can Vuong movement (“Save the King”) • Designed to put ruling family back in power • Burma • Resistance to the British • Buddhist monk Saya San led peasant uprising • The ruling class had fought first unsuccessfully • Nationalism • Economic interests and religious beliefs stemmed rebellion from Westernized Asians • After a while, they began to protest for independence

9. Chapter 25: The Reach of Imperialism Empire Building in Africa

10. West Africa Raw Materials Desired: Peanuts, Timber, Hides, and Palm Oil England Took control of Gold Coast and Nigeria France Took control of most of West Africa Germany Took control of Cameroon and Togo

11. North Africa • Egypt • Muhammad Ali • Officer in Ottoman Army • Took control and established a new Egypt • Brought it up to the westernized times • Modern army • Public School system • Built ships • Created industry (Sugar Industry) • French found interest in Egypt to build canal for steamships (Suez Canal) • British bought share of canal from Egypt (Became protector in 1914)

12. North Africa • Egypt • British wanted to control Sudan as well to protect the Suez Canal • Muhammad Ahmad attacked Sudan to seize power • British sent General Charles Gordon to put down rebellion and take control • Took 13 years to seize Sudan • Gordon died in battle • France • 1879: Took control of Algeria (150,000 settle in it) • 1881: Took control of Tunisia • 1912: Establish Morocco as protectorate • Italy • 1911: Invade and take control of Libya

13. Central Africa • David Livingstone • Medical missionary who spent 30 years travelling Central African jungle • Led to maps of Central Africa being created in London • Wanted to spread Christianity and open a possible European economy • American Henry Stanley searched for him to join on the mission • Eventually Livingstone dies and Stanley continues journey • Leopold II (Belgium) • After British turn down Central African Journey, he takes claim • Establishes the nation Congo

14. East Africa • British • Interested in connecting their colony in Egypt to South Africa • Germany • Bismarck finally makes a push for colonization • Saw the political need for them • Wanted to have a connection to their West African colonies • Berlin Conference (1884 and 1885) • Set up to decide settle claim conflicts • British and Germans received their claims • Portugal given the territory Mozambique • Africans were excluded from meeting

15. South Africa • The Boers • Original descendants of the Dutch colonists in Cape Town • British took control of their lands after Napoleonic Wars • The Great Trek • Tired of British rule, Boers moved to the valley between Orange and Vaal Rivers • 2 separate republics established • Believed in white superiority • Non-Europeans given no rights or powers • Zulu nation took offense and had many conflicts • Eventually defeated by the Boers and British

16. South Africa • Cecil Rhodes • Major miner of gold and diamonds • With discovery, wanted to establish colonies from Cape Town to Cairo with railroads • Boers did not like the involvement of new settlers • Rhodes attempted to have them moved through a raid on the British • Plan backfired and forced him to leave • Boer War (1899-1902) • Boers vs. British • British destroyed crops and homes • Captured 120,000 Boer women and children (20,000 died from starvation) • Larger British army forced peace treaty in 1902

17. Effects of Imperialism • Use of Indirect Rule • Pros • Does not disrupt or change local customs • Cons • Colonizing countries still made all decisions • Kept social classes the same and allowed for little movement • Use of Direct Rule • Pros • Africans allowed to run for office • Gave them political voice to extent • Cons • Major loss of customs and traditions

18. Effects of Imperialism • Rise of Nationalism • New leaders admired Western culture • However resentment rose against foreigners • Natives still only had low-paying jobs • Middle class did not have major impact on government • Tired of the superiority complex of Europeans • Condescending tones taken to Africans • Segregation in daily life • Led to the desire to be independent from the Europeans

19. Chapter 25: The Reach of Imperialism British Rule in India

20. The Great Rebellion • AKA Sepoy Mutiny and First War of Independence • Causes • General growing distrust by Indians • Rifles were greased using cow and pig fat • Cows are sacred to Indians • Pigs are unclean and taboo to Muslims • Had to bite end of cartridge to load which meant pig and cow fat was consumed • This was disgraceful to Hindus and Muslims • Led to a refusals to load weapons by Indians and charges of mutiny brought upon them

21. The Great Rebellion • Reaction • Indian troops responded with widespread upheaval • Killed 50 Europeans including women and children • Reclaimed land that was taken from them • Why Rebellion Failed • Lack of troops • British regrouped and had loyal Indian troops fight with them • Outnumbered 230,000-45,000 • Lack of organization

22. The Great Rebellion • Effects • Parliament’s response • East India Company directly controlled by British government • Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India • Indians became colonial subjects • Nationalism • Seen as first significant attempt to overthrow British in Asia • Allowed others to take up the cause

23. British Colonial Rule • Structure • Viceroy • Acted as governor and extension of the monarchy • Civil Service Staff • 3,500 in total • Ruled 300 million people • Benefits for Indians • Brought stability to region • Created an honest and efficient government • Set up a school system • Wanted to train Indians to serve in government and army

24. British Colonial Rule • Benefits to Indians • Creation of roads, canals, and universities • Postal system established • Medical centers created • Improved sanitation system • Drawbacks for Indians • Costs were increasing on them and the profits went to wealthy British • Local industries destroyed by mass production • Textile industry almost completely shutdown • Tax collectors took advantage of position • Food shortage with jobs being switched • Racial discrimination

25. Indian Nationalists • Indian National Congress • Called for a share in government and not immediate independence • Religion • Different religions caused lack of unity • Called for equals rights regardless of religion • Hindus were more represented in group than Muslims • Mohandas Gandhi • Led independence movement • Preached nonviolent methods of protest • Wanted to improve the life for poor

26. Colonial Indian Culture • British Reaction • One of disrespect • TajMahal (Built as a tomb to the wife of the ruler) • Sacred place to Indians • British used it for parties and would degrade it • Indian Revival • Founded in books on Indian culture and language • Began in Calcutta • Expanded Indian writings • Most preferred to write in native language and not English

27. Chapter 25: The Reach of Imperialism Imperialism in Latin America

28. The U.S. in Latin America • The Roosevelt Corollary • Extension of Monroe Doctrine • The United States can intervene in an Latin American nation that it sees fit • Allows the US to keep Europe out of the Western Hemisphere • Gave them right to add nations as protectorates and territories • The Panama Canal (1914) • Connection between Pacific and Atlantic Ocean • Allowed ships to not have to sail around South America • Cut off up to 4 weeks on a journey

29. The US in Latin America • Dollar Diplomacy • The United States began to invest money into the Latin American nations • Acted as another way the US could control these countries • Pumped $3.5 Billion in Latin America • Allowed for debts to be paid and new industries to be opened • Gave them reason to have military influence in Latin America

30. Revolution in Mexico • Porfirio Diaz • Ran Mexico from 1877-1911 • Established a conservative and centralized government • Those that supported benefitted from him including: army, Catholic Church, landowners, and foreign investors • Problems under Diaz • Worker wages declined over those 35 years • 95% of population owned no land • Diaz overthrown by Francisco Madero • Madero attempted to improve government officials • Deal with foreign influence and trade by having more balance

31. Revolution in Mexico • Pancho Villa • Created revolution in northern states of Mexico • Drew following of the masses • Mexican generals were more concerned with government and blaming than fixing the problem • Emiliano Zapata • Wanted to have equality of land for all • Began seizing land from wealthy and giving it to poor • Raised an army in the process

32. Revolution in Mexico • The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) • Constant fighting and revolting led to a weakened economy • 1917: Mexico establishes a new constitution • Increased political reform • Universal male suffrage • President elected by people • Land reform for peasants • Limited foreign investors • Set minimum wages for workers • Allowed for unionization • Increased patriotism

33. Prosperity in Latin America • Latin America had few goods to export but valuable • Argentina: wheat and beef • Brazil: coffee • Peru: silver and sugar • Used to exchange with larger countries for textiles and luxury items • Industrialization hit around 1900

34. Social Change in Latin America • Old world system still in place with natives and former slaves being in poverty • Industrialization changed that system • Middle class increased in size (lawyers, businessmen, teachers, military) • Unions allowed the working class to gain favor and power • Right to vote still limited their political power • Immigration increased as industrialization required more workers • Buenos Aires population more than doubled in 15 years