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CGE Greenhouse Gas Inventory Hands-on Training Workshop AGRICULTURE SECTOR

CGE Greenhouse Gas Inventory Hands-on Training Workshop AGRICULTURE SECTOR. AGRICULTURE SECTOR. AD: Activity Data AI (Party): Annex I (Party) AWMWS: Animal Waste Management System CRF: Common Reporting Format CS: Country Specific EF: Emission Factor

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CGE Greenhouse Gas Inventory Hands-on Training Workshop AGRICULTURE SECTOR

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  1. CGEGreenhouse Gas Inventory Hands-on Training WorkshopAGRICULTURE SECTOR

  2. AGRICULTURE SECTOR AD: Activity Data AI (Party): Annex I (Party) AWMWS: Animal Waste Management System CRF: Common Reporting Format CS: Country Specific EF: Emission Factor EFDB: Emission Factor DataBase GE: Gross Energy GHG: GreenHouse Gas(es) IE: Included Elsewhere IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change MCF: Methane Conversion Factor NAI (Party):non-Annex I (Party) NE: Not Estimated NO: Not Occurring QA/QC: Quality Assurance and Quality Control VS: Volatile Solids GLOSSARY

  3. CONTENT • PART 1. GUIDELINES OVERVIEW • PART 2. INVENTORY ELABORATION SIMULATION

  4. PART 1GUIDELINES OVERVIEWCONTENT • Principles and definitions • Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories • Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2000) • Emission factor database (EFDB) • IPCC software

  5. Principles and Definitions Inventory Training Workshop, Agriculture Sector

  6. PRINCIPLES • National GHG Inventories should be precise and reliable • For this purpose, national GHG inventories should meet the need for: • Transparency • Accuracy • Completeness • Consistency • Comparability

  7. PRINCIPLES • Transparency: assumptions and methodologies, clearly explained to facilitate replication and assessment by users of the reported information • Consistency: inventory internally consistent in all its elements with inventories of other years (same methodologies for the base year and all subsequent years; consistent data sets to estimate emissions/removals from sources/sinks)

  8. PRINCIPLES • Comparability: emissions/removals estimates reported by AI Parties, comparable among them (methodologies and formats agreed by the Conference of the Parties (COP); allocation of source/sink categories, following the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines) • Completeness: all sources/sinks and all gases included in the IPCC Guidelines, other existing relevant source/sink categories specific to an AI Party and full geographic coverage of sources/sinks of an AI Party

  9. PRINCIPLES • Accuracy: relative measure of the exactness of emission/removal estimate. Estimates are systematically neither over nor under true emissions/removals, as far as can be judged, and uncertainties reduced as far as practicable. Appropriate methodologies used, in accordance with the IPCC Good Practice Guidance

  10. SOURCE CATEGORIES • Only Source Categories: • Related to animal production: • Enteric Fermentation (4A): CH4 emissions from ruminants and non-ruminants • Manure Management (4B1): CH4 emissions from manure managed under anaerobic conditions • Manure Management (4B2): N2O emissions from manure when treated under different treatment systems • Related to cropping systems: Rice cultivation (4C): CH4 emissions from the surface of soils kept under anaerobic conditions to cultivate rice • Related to croplands: Agricultural Soils (4D): N2O emissions from the surface of cropped soils due to anthropogenic N inputs; direct (primary) and indirect (secondary) emissions are considered • Use of fire: • Prescribed burning of savannas (4E): non-CO2 gas emissions due to savanna biomass burning • Crop residue burning (4F): non-CO2gas emissions due to dead biomassburning

  11. SUMMARY TABLE: METHODS • Enteric fermentation T1 T2 • Manure management – CH4 T1 T2 • Manure management – N2O T1 • Rice cultivation T1 • Agricultural soils T1a T1b • Savanna burning T1 • Crop residue burning T1

  12. SUMMARY TABLE: GASES 1 No method available 2 Reported but not accounted 3 Not considered though present

  13. BASE DOCUMENTS Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories<www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs1.htm> (IPCC) Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories<www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/spanish/gpgaum_es.htm> Database on GHG Emission Factors (web application through <www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/EFDB/main.php>) GHG Inventory Software for the Workbook<www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/software.htm>

  14. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Inventory Training Workshop, Agriculture Sector

  15. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • NAI Parties should use Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for estimating and reporting their GHG inventories • <www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs1.htm> • Structure: • Volume 1: GHG Inventory Reporting Instructions • Volume 2: GHG Inventory Workbook • Volume 3: GHG Inventory Reference Manual • Complementary Resources: • IPCC Software • EFDB • Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines were complemented with the 2000 IPCC Good Practice Guidance

  16. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • General Notes on Guidelines (Agriculture) • Scope: anthropogenic emissions from agricultural sources, within national territories • Data Quality and Time Frame: data of relatively poor quality compared to other sectors; thus, annual figures of 3-year averages are preferred • Default Method: IPCC-GL provides default methodologies, assumptions and data, but national assumptions and data are always preferred. • Uncertainties reported as point estimates rather than as ranges of values

  17. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • Basic Principles Underlying the Guidelines (1) • Documentation Standards: Besides reporting tables, report all worksheets used (with assumptions, AD, EF), and any country specific methods used, definitions, etc. • Important for transparency and completeness

  18. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • Basic Principles Underlying the Guidelines (2) • Verification and Uncertainty Assessment: Reporting instructions recommend inventory verification by a set of simple checks (to be performed by the Party) and to conduct an uncertainty assessment • Important for completeness and accuracy

  19. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • Methodologies and Reporting (1) • Methods: based on various “tiers”: • Tier 1 is thedefault method • For some sink/source categories, IPCC-GL provides higher tier methods • National methodologies, if consistent with IPCC, are recommended over the default method • Activity Data and Emission Factors: most methods are based on multiplication of AD by one or more EFs. • Tier 1 methods include default EF and even default AD • NAI Parties, encouraged to use agroecological unit/ national/regional EFs

  20. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • Methodologies and Reporting (2) • Worksheets: provided in Vol. 2. With aid of IPCC software, data from worksheets is automatically converted into sectoral and summary tables. • Notation Key: NAI countries are encouraged to use a notation key (i.e. NO, NE, NA, IE, C). • Overview Table (8A): should be used to summarize assessment of completeness (e.g. partial, full estimate, not estimated) and quality (high, med., low) • Data Completeness: in all tables, footnotes should be added to indicate the completeness of the estimates.

  21. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • Methodologies and Reporting (3) • Uncertainties: possible causes and how to manage them are explained in Vol. 1, Annex 1. • Documentation: Reports should include: • Information to enable reconstruction of inventory • All worksheets used in preparing the inventory • Explanation and documentation of any national methods/data used instead of IPCC default • A written summary of verification procedures used, and an assessment of quality/completeness of estimates.

  22. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • Agriculture Sector Sink/Source Categories (1) • Enteric Fermentation (4A): CH4 emissions by ruminants and non-ruminants • Information organized by animal species • Tier 1 method based on multiplication of number of animals in each category by an EF • Tier 2 method (cattle only) uses enhanced characterization of livestock, which results in estimation of annual feed intake (parameter used to estimate specific EFs)

  23. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • Agriculture Sector Sink/Source Categories (2) • Manure Management (4B): CH4 (4Ba) and N2O (4Bb) emissions from decomposition of manure during storage • Information organized by animal groups and manure management systems (MMS) • Tier 1 method requires livestock population data byclimate regionand animal waste management system and uses default EFs. • Tier 2 method estimates EF from manure characteristics (VS, Bo, MCF) (for CH4 emissions from cattle, swine and sheep)

  24. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • Agriculture Sector Sink/Source Categories (3) • Rice Cultivation (4C): CH4 emissions from anaerobic decomposition of organic materials in flooded fields. Any N2O emissions reported under 4D. • Only one method provided • AD: harvested area by rice ecosystem and water management type, use of organic amendments • Basic EFestimated for permanent flooding and no organic amendments • Scaling of basic EFto account for crop practices, multiple cropping, ecosystem type, water regime, addition of organic amendments, soil type

  25. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • Agriculture Sector Sink/Source Categories (4) • Agricultural Soils (4D): covers N2O emissions only(no methods are provided for CH4 emissions and removals, or for N2O removals). Tier 1 method for both direct/indirect emissions • Direct N2O emissions: requiresAD(use of fertilizers and manure, amount of N fixed by crops, amount of crop residues returned to soil, N-fixing crops, area of cultivated histosols) and2 EFs(one for N inputs into soil and one for cultivation of organic soils) • Indirect N2O emissions:3 sources: (a) volatilization and deposition of N in fertilizers/manure; (b) leaching and run-off of applied fertilizers/manure; (c) discharge of human sewage into rivers or estuaries

  26. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • Agriculture Sector Sink/Source Categories (4) • Prescribed burning of savannas (4E):Covers N2O, CH4, CO and NOx emissionsfrom the burning of savannas • Tier 1 methods, based on estimation of AD and EF for every gas, are provided

  27. REVISED 1996 IPCC GUIDELINES • Agriculture Sector Sink/Source Categories (4) • Field burning of agricultural residues (4F):covers N2O and CH4 emissionsfor on-site burning of crop residues • Tier 1 method similar to prescribed burning of savannas is provided • Other uses of crop residues (burning off-site, application to soils or as animal forage) are excluded • Submodules: • Cereals (wheat, barley, oats, rye, rice, maize) • Pulse (peas, lentils, beans, fabas) • Tuber and Root (potatoes, beets) • Sugar Cane • Others (fruit trees, forest trees)

  28. Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2000) Inventory Training Workshop, Agriculture Sector

  29. GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (referred to here as GPG2000): • Chapter 1, Introduction • Chapter 2, Energy • Chapter 3, Industrial Processes • Chapter 4, Agriculture • Chapter 5, Waste • Chapter 6, Uncertainty • Chapter 7, Methodology • Chapter 8, QA/QC Plus annexes and other general information

  30. GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT • GHG2000 complements the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines • GHG2000 includes cross-cutting issues to ensure the fulfilment of the quality requisites • Quality requisites are compulsory forAI Parties and recommendable for NAI Parties

  31. GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT • Improvement due to GPG2000 mainly related to: • For completeness: consideration of all sources/sinks, gases, years, geographical coverage • For accuracy: • methodological focusing (method, emission factors, activity data) through source-specific decision trees • uncertainty measurements at source level • QA/QC procedures, which may be general or located at sectoral level • For consistency: time-series development • For transparency: reporting and documentation

  32. GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT • Document – mainly relates to methodological guidance for an accurate Agriculture inventory elaboration • Text and presentation – focused on the application of the decision trees at source level • To ensure the incidence of all the cross-cutting issues (dealing with completeness, transparency, uncertainty, QA/QC, time series), the inventory team must apply the next checklist at the source level: • is the source well covered (sub-sources, gases, years, space)? • are the emission/capture estimates transparent? • is uncertainty measured/estimated? • are QA/QC procedures defined?

  33. GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT • Main methodological issues (linked to the decision trees): • Tier (method, procedure of calculation) • Emission factors • Activity data: • Regularly collected statistics (AD1) • Parameters (partitioning coefficients), measurable but usually not collected (AD2) Estimates = EF * AD1 * AD2

  34. GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT • It is good practice to: • use country-specific tiers along with country-specific emission factors, to better reflect national conditions • have emission factor per each environmental unit of the Party • use systematically and regularly published activity data (AD1) and experimentally measured parameters (AD2)

  35. GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT • EMISSION FACTORS: • Development highly costly and not easy • Very few NAI Parties investing in developing some emission factors • Majority of NAI Parties to use default emission factors • Preference should be given to regionally obtained emission factors

  36. GPG AND UNCERTAINTY MEASUREMENT • ACTIVITY DATA • Main barrier for many NAI Parties: lack of proper activity data (updated, detailed, checked, published) • Key time for NAI Parties to improve collection systems provided they are important for national planning • Option for collectable data (AD1): database of international organizations (FAO, IRRI) • Option for non-collectable data (AD2): IPCC defaults, values from other countries of the region, national experts’ opinion

  37. PREVIOUS STEPS:KEY SOURCE DEFINITION (1) • First step in producing national GHG inventory: Key source definition (level, trend) produced at national level • For key sources, it is good practice to estimate emissions/captures applying CS or tier 2 methods and CS emission factors • It allows better focusing of the financial and human resources invested in the inventory

  38. PREVIOUS STEPS:KEY SOURCE DEFINITION (2) • NAI Parties are encouraged to fulfil this condition only if they have the AD needed for the use of a detailed methodological approach or can collect them without jeopardizing the financial resources for the whole inventory process • If not, the level of detail must be reduced until a balance with the available AD is reached

  39. PREVIOUS STEPS:KEY SOURCE DEFINITION (3) • From 2001 and 2002 AI Parties submissions, Agriculture key sources were: • Enteric fermentation (CH4) 100% • Agricultural soils (direct N2O) 94% • Agricultural soils (indirect N2O) 60% • Manure management (CH4) 40% • Manure management (N2O) 38% • Rice cultivation, Crop residues and Savanna Burning 10 - 0%

  40. PREVIOUS STEPS:KEY SOURCE DEFINITION (4) • If no previous information, NAI Party inventory team should assume that: • CH4 emissions from Enteric Fermentation and direct N2O emissions from Agricultural Soils are most likely to be key sources, and • indirect N2O emissions from Agricultural Soils will likely be a key source, devoting the best efforts to them • However, some source categories may be relevant for some groups of NAI Parties: • savanna burning for tropical countries with dry season • crop residues burning for countries with Mediterranean climate • rice production for Asian countries • Inventory team should know the characteristics of the Agriculture Sector to better target the always scarce financial resources • Opinion of national experts highly desirable and appreciated

  41. PREVIOUS STEPS:Mass balances for shared items (1) • Some source categories are linked: • “Enteric Fermentation”, “Manure Management” and “Agricultural Soils” (for animal population and manure final uses) • “Agricultural Soils” and “Burning of Agricultural Residues” (crop residue final uses) • Some activity data are shared (single livestock characterization, as the best way to ensure consistency) • Some activity data must be properly disaggregated to avoid double counting of emissions (manure and crop residues produced)

  42. PREVIOUS STEPS:Mass balances for shared items (2) • Consequently: • Mass balance for crop residues(fractioning according to different end uses) • Mass balance for animal manure produced(direct grazing and confinement, confined manure disaggregated by AWMS)

  43. PREVIOUS STEPS:Estimation of significance of sub-sources (1) • Consequently: • Quick assessment (under tier 1) of significance of: • animal species for CH4-Enteric Fermentation • animal species for CH4-Manure Management • anthropogenic N inputs for Agricultural Soils • Single livestock characterization, applying the detail level (basic, enhanced) suggested by the species significance for the source categories

  44. CROP RESIDUES MASS BALANCE Crop residues Left on the field (on-site) Removed from the field (off-site) Eaten by grazing animals Used as fuel Used as energy source (biogas) Applied to soils Raw material for building materials Burned on-site Feed suplemental for animals Used as house firewood Decomposed on the field Other uses Accounted under 4D. Agricultural Soils Accounted under 1. Energy Accounted under 4F. Burning of crop residues

  45. ANIMAL MANURE MASS BALANCE Livestock Under confinement Open field Derived to AWMMs Used as animal feed suplement Manure for other uses (building materials) Manure used as energy source From grazing animals Manure applied to soils Accounted under 4B. Manure Management Accounted under 4.D. Agricultural Soils Accounted under 1. Energy

  46. SINGLE LIVESTOCK CHARACTERIZATION • Livestock data, needed for several source categories: • CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation • CH4/N2O emissions from manure management, and • N2O emissions from agricultural soils • Parties with important livestock activity should produce a single characterization (enhanced/basic) of the animal species • It is also good practice to • include all the animal species existing in the Party • assess the contribution of each animal species to the total emission of the individual source category (enteric fermentation and/or manure management)

  47. DECISION TREES: Livestock characterization Goats, horses, mules/asses, poultry, (sheep) Cattle, buffalo, swine, (sheep), species without tier/EF Recommended for species with enhanced charactererisation, when key source Required for species with high individual contribution, when key source

  48. SINGLE LIVESTOCK CHARACTERIZATION • For animal species with a significant contribution to the source emissions (25% or more), it is good practice to apply: • enhanced (detailed) characterization – country-specific method/tier 2 – nationally disaggregated emission factors provided there is no restriction of activity data • The non-significant animal species: • basic (not detailed) characterization – tier 1 – default emission factors • Recommendation: always enhanced characterization for cattle and swine; buffalo and sheep may be included here depending on national circumstances

  49. SINGLE LIVESTOCK CHARACTERIZATION • Basic Characterization • list of livestock species and categories • annual population data, by species and category • average annual milk production of dairy cows • percentage of animals per climate region existing in the Party

  50. SINGLE LIVESTOCK CHARACTERIZATION • Enhanced Characterization: in addition, • disaggregation of species population into homogeneous groups of animals (country-specific variations in age structure and animal performance) • livestock population by species, category and subcategory • feed intake estimates for a typical animal in each subcategory (used in the tier 2 enteric fermentation emissions for cattle, buffalo, and sheep) • estimates should be used to harmonize the estimated manure and N excretion rates for CH4 and N2O emissions from manure management and direct/indirect N2O agricultural soil emissions

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