What is Public Policy… Federalism and, Health & Education Initiatives

1. What is Public Policy…Federalism and, Health & Education Initiatives Pialee Roy, Ph.D.

2. Overview… • I. Basic definition & History: who has authority and responsibility in multilayered or interconnected government system of national, state, and local government. • II. Public Policy Analysis: Early Education Policy: Universal Pre-K • III. More Examples • Environmental Policy • Bilingual Education Policy • The Common Core Education Standards • Tobacco cessation Policy • SNAP and Nutrition Policy

3. What is Public Policy? • “Public Policy is a course of action made up of a series of decision, discrete choices including the choice not to act, over a period of time…a product of a number of steps or phases… • David Easton (1965), refers to “authoritative allocation of values.” • Lawrence Brown (1994), refers to “resolving conflicts over interests and values” • Rushevsky (2018) explains that values may be those things that are important to us: including, money, property, life, and health, and more abstract values such as freedom… • Government refers to institutions that establish allocations to resolve these conflicts…How does that decision making occur?

4. The Policy Process Outline by Mark Rushevsky (2018)… • Problem Identification • Agenda Building • Policy Formation • Policy Adoption • Budgeting • Implementation • Evaluation • Policy Succesion What is the policy goal? Security Efficiency Equity and Equality Liberty

5. Multiple Streams Model by Kingdon (1995) Problems Stream Policy Stream Political Stream Window of Opportunity • Problems Stream: identifying a policy problem • Policies Stream: includes policy specialists or actors, and policy proposals that they generate… • Political Stream: includes mood, opinion, changes in administration, partisan or ideological distribution in Congress and interest group pressure campaigns.

6. Inputs and Outputs • According to Mark Rushevsky (2018)… • Inputs: to a political system may be: Supports: for its leaders and acceptance or rejection of existing policies Demands: requests for action on the part of a political system Outputs: tangible or symbolic results of government decisions. for example of a tangible product is the 2009 funding through an economic stimulus package For example a symbolic product is a presidential speech outlining a policy

7. American Political System, Separation of Powers,Checks and Balances… https://newsela.com/read/govt-checks-balances/id/24395/

8. Ideology and Values Figure 1.3 by Janda, Berry, and Goldman (1995) on page 35 of “Public Policy in the United States, Challenges, Opportunities, and Changes” By Mark E. Rushevsky (2018) * Please also refer to handouts…regarding summaries of Cost Benefit Analysis

9. What is Federalism? • “Federalism is a system of government that divides power between political units and a central authority. • Power is spread between a minimum of two units with powers divided between the parts. • The number of branches in the government and the way power is divided is not the same for all federalist governments.” • https://www.brighthubeducation.com/social-studies-help/94050-examples-of-federalism/

10. Examples of Federalism • Some examples of Federalism include • the United States(most well known) • Canada, and • the European Union. • There are multiple federalist systems in place within the United States. • Each state has individual sections, such as counties, which are governed by a state government made up of multiple branches. • Each state is ultimately governed by a federal government made up of three branches. Two of the branches, the legislative and the executive, are elected positions. • https://www.brighthubeducation.com/social-studies-help/94050-examples-of-federalism/

11. History

12. History continued • “James Madison is often given credit for being one of the strongest supporters of the idea of federalism, the defined separation of federal and state powers. • The Federalist Papers were Written anonymously (Publius) by • Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay • To defend the U.S. Constitution • To assure states would not be overpowered • To advocate that the diversity of the United States would prevent any single group from dominating • https://www.csg.org/pubs/capitolideas/2013_nov_dec/federalism101.aspx

13. Federalism and the U.S. Constitution/ Bill of Rights • “What is the 10th Amendment?The 10th Amendment is about the powers of the Federal Government, the States and the People. It is also referred to as the Privileges or Immunities Clause. The 10th Amendment states that any powers that the Constitution does not give to the US government, belong to the states and  the people, excluding powers that the Constitution says the states cannot have. http://www.government-and-constitution.org/bill-of-rights/10th-amendment.htm

14. https://www.archives.gov/legislative/resources/education/federalismhttps://www.archives.gov/legislative/resources/education/federalism

16. Layer Cake Federalism • “Dual federalism looks at the federal system as a sort of "layer cake," with each layer of government performing the tasks that make the most sense for that level. • “Because this theory leaves each government supreme within its own sphere of operations, it is also sometimes called dual sovereignty.” • https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/american-government/federalism/concepts-of-federalism

17. Is Dual Federalism is an example of Layer Cake or Marble Cake Federalism?

18. Marble Cake Federalism • “The theory of cooperative federalism emerged during the New Deal, when the power of the federal government grew in response to the Great Depression. It does not recognize a clear distinction between the functions of the states and Washington, and it emphasizes that there are many areas in which their responsibilities overlap. • For example, drug enforcement involves federal agents, state troopers, and local police. • The federal government supplies funds for education, but the state and local school boards choose curriculum and set qualifications for teachers. • The notion of overlapping jurisdictions is expressed by the term marble-cake federalism.” • https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/american-government/federalism/concepts-of-federalism

19. Describe Grodzins "marble cake" descriptions of American federalism. • The "marble cake" description suggests that the national and state governments are highly intertwined but also interdependent. According to this view, the national government and state governments are not enemies, but rather different levels of government pursuing the same goals. • For example, both national and state governments are interested in improving education, protecting the environment, promoting economic growth, and reducing crime. • https://quizlet.com/153118665/us-gov-federalism-the-federal-system-morton-grodzins-flash-cards/

20. The New Deal, what type of federalism? Cooperative Federalism • The phrase "New Deal" was to offset the Great Depression. • A broad range of federal government programs sought to offer economic relief to the suffering, regulate private industry, and grow the economy. • The New Deal is often summed up by the “Three Rs”: • relief (for the unemployed) • recovery (of the economy through federal spending and job creation), and • reform (of capitalism, by means of regulatory legislation and the creation of new social welfare programs).

21. Cooperative Federalism • Roosevelt’s New Deal expanded the size and scope of the federal government considerably, and in doing so fundamentally reshaped American political culture around the principle that the government is responsible for the welfare of its citizens. • As one historian has put it: “Before the 1930s, national political debate often revolved around the question of whether the federal government should intervene in the economy. After the New Deal, debate rested on how it should intervene.” https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/rise-to-world-power/great-depression/a/the-new-deal

23. 1. Which of the following best describes the system in United States in the 1800s Layer cake federalism Marble cake federalism Coercive federalism Coercive federalism None of the above 2. Requiring all states to comply with the Motor Voter Act is an example of which version of federalism Layer cake federalism Marble cake federalism Picket fence federalism Coercive federalism None of the above

24. Public Policy Analysis • What is the policy problem? • Who are the policy actors and decision makers? • What is the policy solution? • Who is involved in implementing the policies (federal, state, local level?) • What is the funding source for the policy • What is the policy status? • Are there any barriers to implementing the policy?

29. Head Start and Non Head Start Programs

30. (Zero to Three, 2013)

31. 5

33. Please read article and do a Public Policy Analysis • What is the policy problem? • Who are the policy actors and decision makers? • What is the policy solution? • Who is involved in implementing the policies (federal, state, local level?) • What is the funding source for the policy • What is the policy status? • Are there any barriers to implementing the policy?

34. Environmental Policy • What is the policy problem? • Who is responsible for clean up of pollution: waterways and air pollution that cross over state boundaries? Federal government cannot order states to clean up. • Who are the policy actors and decision makers? • Congress • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) • State and local government • https://www.delawareonline.com/story/opinion/contributors/2014/09/15/constitution-environment-federalism-work/15692071/

35. Environmental Policy continued • What is the policy solution? Who is involved in implementing the policies (federal, state, local level?) • Cooperative Federalism: Congress sets national goals and standards, EPA sets pollutant specific rules and enforces the law • The Clean Water Act (1972) and The Clean Air Act (1963) • What is the funding source for the policy? • The EPA sends states money to uphold standards. An Example is the • The Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) program is a federal-state partnership that provides communities a permanent, independent source of low-cost financing for a wide range of water quality infrastructure projects. https://www.epa.gov/cwsrf • What is the policy status? • Cooperative Federalism is working. • Are there any barriers to implementing the policy? If states fail to uphold the standards, then the EPA will intervene

36. Bilingual Education Policy • https://edsource.org/2017/a-new-era-for-bilingual-education-explaining-californias-proposition-58/574852 • What is the policy problem? • Who is responsible for education achievement among bilingual students. • Should California proposition 227 which requires English immersion or a waiver signed by parents to enroll children in bilingual or dual immersion programs, • be overturned by Proposition 58 allowing for learning through multiple programs outside of English only classrooms/ ie. allowing for bilingual education? • Who are the policy actors and decision makers? • State legislature of California • Public Schools: Teachers on behalf of students • Parents: on behalf of students

37. Bilingual Education Policy continued • What is the policy solution? Who is involved in implementing the policies (federal, state, local level?) • The California Multilingual Education Act of 2016 • The Local Control and Accountability Plans (parental advisory committee provides input about language acquisition programming) • What is the funding source for the policy? • The LCAPS are a central feature of the Local Control Funding Formula: allows districts decision making power for usage of state funds • Provides additional support for high needs students: low income, English learners, and foster children. • What is the policy status? • The California state policy is well supported and has passed proposition 58, • Are there any barriers to implementing the policy? there is a statewide teacher shortage, especially for bilingual instruction, and teacher credentialing or language proficiency is required so students may spend half their day learning in English and in a second language such as Spanish or Cantonese

38. Nutrition Policy • http://www.slate.com/articles/business/moneybox/2013/08/food_stamp_choices_should_people_be_allowed_to_buy_junk_food_with_their.html • What is the policy problem? • Should food stamps from the SNAP (supplemental nutrition assistance program) be only used for healthy choices? • Who are the policy actors and decision makers? • U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Services, Congress • Supporters: Public health advocates who want to limit soda and sugary beverages • Opposers: Anti hunger groups: Congressional Hunger Center

39. Nutrition Policy Continued • What is the policy solution? Who is involved in implementing the policies (federal, state, local level?) • States are given options to serve the needs of low income families • What is the funding source for the policy? • U.S. Division of Social Services or Children and Family Services • What is the policy status? • Not allowed to limit personal freedom and choice in SNAP purchases. • Other public health policies address concerns through Soda taxes (PA) and ban on transfats (NY)

40. Common Core Standards in Education Policy - homework • https://www.huffingtonpost.com/bob-williams/common-core-standards_b_3461006.html • What is the policy problem? • Who are the policy actors and decision makers? • What is the policy solution? Who is involved in implementing the policies (federal, state, local level?) • What is the funding source for the policy? • What is the policy status?

41. Tobacco Policy - homework • http://www.tobacco-cessation.org/PDFs/March%202010%20Supplement/Public-McGoldrick.pdf • What is the policy problem? • Who are the policy actors and decision makers? • What is the policy solution? Who is involved in implementing the policies (federal, state, local level?) • What is the funding source for the policy? • What is the policy status?

42. Thank you! • If you have any questions or would like to talk about these concepts further, you can email • Pialee Roy at pialee.roy@gmail.com