Today’s Agenda Civil Rights

1. AmericanFederalGovernment • Today’s Agenda • Civil Rights

2. Sometimes Government Isn’t the Problem • Civil Rights • legal or moral claims that citizens are entitled to make upon government • Question: Should government attempt to ensure equality of opportunity or equality of outcome? • Current issues: • affirmative action • protections for various groups from discrimination (minorities, women, gays/lesbians)

3. That’s it, I’m dropping this course with all the court cases • The Fourteenth Amendment, “Equal Protection of the Laws,” and the Post-Civil War Struggle for African-Americans • The Slaugtherhouse Cases (1873) • U.S. v. Reese (1876) • De jure segregation • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) • The “black codes,” Jim Crow laws, impediments to voting, separate schools • white primaries, poll taxes, literacy tests, political parties considered “clubs”

4. You should of at least heard of this case • Desegregation in Education • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) • Brown v. Board of Education II (1955) • Little Rock, 1957 • Busing and de facto v. de jure segregation • Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County Schools (1971) • Milliken v. Bradley (1974)

5. Notice it wasn’t the Hippies that accomplished any of this • The Civil Rights Movement, 1960s - • Martin Luther King and civil disobedience • President Lyndon Johnson & “Great Society” • The Civil Rights Act of 1964 • 24th Amendment (1964) • Economic Opportunity Act (1964) • Voting Rights Act (1965) • Fair Housing Act (1968)

6. Civil Rights/Affirmative Action • Definition of Affirmative Action: • government policies or programs that seek to redress past injustices against specified groups by making special efforts to provide members of the groups with access to educational and employment opportunities • temporary measures vs. institutionalized programs? • greater inclusion or increased “group” conflict? • “reverse” discrimination?

7. Civil Rights/Affirmative ActionViews on University Admissions Source: James Kuklinski et al., American Journal of Political Science, 1997, pp. 402-419.

8. Schools enjoy court • Higher Education • Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) • Grove City College v. Bell (1984) • Civil Rights Restoration Act (1988) • Hopwood v. Texas (1996) • California Proposition 209 • President Clinton: “Mend it, don’t end it”

9. Employers like Courts too • Employment and other issues • Richmond v. Croson (1989) • Adarand v. Pena (1995) • Employment • Johnson v. Transportation Agency of Santa Clara County (1987) • Civil Rights Act of 1991 • Piscataway v. Taxman (1997)

10. Women dig the black robe…that’s why they go to court • Women • Voting • Minor v. Happersett (1875) • 19th Amendment (1920) • Sex-based discrimination • Equal Rights Amendment • U.S. v. Virginia (1996) [Virginia Military Institute]

11. Gays and Lesbians like all types of courts • Gays and Lesbians • Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) • Clinton’s “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” policy in the military • Romer v. Evans (1996) • The Defense of Marriage Act (1996) • Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

12. Everyone goes to court • Voting Rights • Voting Rights Act (1965) • racial gerrymandering & “descriptive representation” • Shaw v. Reno (1993) • North Carolina’s 12th District: The I-85 Corridor

13. Gerrymander…then

14. Gerrymandering…now • North Carolina’s 12th District