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Hemodynamics

Hemodynamics. Objectives. Define resistance and understand the effects of adding resistance in series vs.in parallel in total resistance and flow. Describe the relationship between pressure, flow and resistance in the vasculature.

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Hemodynamics

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  1. Hemodynamics

  2. Objectives • Define resistance and understand the effects of adding resistance in series vs.in parallel in total resistance and flow. • Describe the relationship between pressure, flow and resistance in the vasculature. • Explain how Poiseuille’s law influences resistance to flow and define the factors that determine resistance. • Describe the change in pressure along vascular tree and explain how flow to any organ is altered by change in resistance to that organ. • Explain types of flow, laminar versus turbulent and the transition between them; Reynold’s number.

  3. Distribution of Cardiac Output at Rest • Blood is constantly reconditioned so composition remains relatively constant • Reconditioning organs receive more blood than needed for metabolic needs • Digestive organs, kidneys, skin • Adjust extra blood to achieve homeostasis • Blood flow to other organs can be adjusted according to metabolic needs • Brain can least tolerate disrupted supply

  4. Hemodynamics: Factors affecting blood flow How much blood flow and what determines how much? Blood Flow: Volume of blood flowing through any tissue in a given time period (mL/min)

  5. Change in Pressure Flow = Resistance P F = R Relations of pressure, flow and resistance Flow is: Directly proportional to pressure gradient Inversely proportional to resistance

  6. P2 = 40 mmHg P1 = 90 mmHg ∆P = P1 – P2 = 50 mmHg • Pressure gradient is pressure difference between beginning and end of a vessel • Blood flows from area of higher pressure to area of lower pressure ( the greater the ∆P, the greater the flow) Flow  ∆P

  7. Path of Blood Flow in the Circulatory System Heart (left ventricle) aorta arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins vena cava Heart (right atrium)

  8. Resistance to BF Resistance is measure of opposition of blood flow through a vessel • Resistance arises due to • interactions between the moving fluid and the stationary tube wall • interactions between molecules in the fluid (viscosity) • (the higher the R, the smaller the flow). Flow  1/R • Factors determining the resistance: • Vessel length • Vessel radius • Blood viscosity

  9. 1. Blood vessel length Resistance to Flow is directly proportional to the length the longer the length  the higher the resistance e.g. Obesity

  10. 2. Blood viscosity Resistance is directly proportional to blood viscosity depends on: ratio of RBCs to plasma vol.  conc. of proteins in plasma. -  viscosity ( dehydration, polycythaemia) -  viscosity ( RBCs or  Plasma prot.)

  11. 3. Size of the Blood vessel lumen (vessel radius) The resistance to flow is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the radius R  1/d4 ( the smaller the diameter the greater the resistance ------ if the diameter  by ½, the resistance  16 times) Therefore vessel radius is a major determinant of resistance to flow (happen in arterioles-vasoconstriction and vasodilatation)

  12. 8  l R =  r4 P (P) r 4 F = • (FLOW)F = R 8nL DIFFERENCE IN PRESSURE VISCOSITY LENGHT RADIUS Poiseuille’s Law } r F l

  13. % decrease in flow % decrease in radius r (10 - r/10)*100 Q/X [1 - (Q/Qr=10)]*100 10 0% 10,000 0% 9 10% 6,561 35% 5 50% 625 94% 1 90% 1 99.99% P  r4 (P) = F = 8  l R Some Implications of Poiseuille’s Law If P is constant, flow is very sensitive to tube radius

  14. 8  l R = r4 P  r4 (P) = F = 8  l R What Can the Body Regulate to Alter Blood Flow and Specific Tissue Perfusion? P = Mean Arterial Pressure – Mean Venous Pressure P, not subject to significant short term regulation R = Resistance 8, , l,  are not subject to significant regulation by body r4 can be regulated especially in arterioles, resistance vessels

  15. Arteriolar Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation

  16. Organization in the Circulatory System SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS

  17. PARALLEL SERIES R2 R1 R2 R3 R3 RESISTANCE TO FLOW IN SERIES VS IN PARALLEL Rt = R1 + R2 + R3…. SERIES RESISTANCE 1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3… PARALLEL RES. R1

  18. If: R1 = 2; R2 = 4; R3 = 6 PRU’s Then a series arrangement gives: RT = R1 + R2 + R3 RT = 12 PRU’s But a parallel arrangement gives: RT = =1.94 PRU’s 1 1 R1 1 R2 1 R3 + +

  19. LOWER R LOWER R HIGHER R CAPILLARIES ARTERY ARTERIOLES WHAT REALLY HAPPENS IN THE CVS?

  20. Velocity is a measure of distance per unit time Velocity = Flow/Cross sectional area Velocity of blood flow Flow is a measure of volume per unit time

  21. CROSS SECTIONAL AREA AND VELOCITY A= 2cm2 10cm2 1cm2 F=10ml/s a b c V= 5cm/s 1cm/s 10cm/s V = F / A

  22. Blood Vessel Diameter and Blood Velocity

  23. LAMINAR FLOW TURBULENT FLOW p = density D = diameter v = velocity n = viscosity Nr = pDv / n laminar = 2000 or less LAMINAR VS TURBULENT FLOWTHE REYNOLD’S NUMBER

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