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International Actors:

States and Other Players on the World Stage. International Actors:. Objectives:. Distinguish and elaborate on the various actors in the international system Apply current knowledge of IR to various cooperation dilemmas. Nation and Nationalism. Nation

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International Actors:

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  1. States and Other Players on the World Stage International Actors:

  2. Objectives: • Distinguish and elaborate on the various actors in the international system • Apply current knowledge of IR to various cooperation dilemmas

  3. Nation and Nationalism • Nation • “A people who feel themselves a part of some large identity group.” (41) • Nationalism • “a people’s sense of collective destiny through a common past and the vision of a common future.” (42)

  4. 3 Factors Promoting Nationalism • “we-ness” – a condition of mind, produced by • Regionalism • Common economic activities & interactions • Similar world view • Cultural similarity • Common lang., religion, ethnic background, common history 3. Psychological element • Leads people to desire the territorial and legal aspects of the state • Intense wars fought over unity and separation • Loyalty issue • Groups other than the state are experiencing greater growth (than the state) in recent decades

  5. The State as an Int’l Actor • Westphalian State System • “State” – rather new concept • Process of creating “state” as an int’l concept began in 145o • Well-established by 1650 by Peace of Westphalia • Feudal loyalty system, quite confusing… now ending as a result of PoW • Impact of monarchs use of capital and coercion

  6. Factors for Creating the State System • Monarch control of capital and resources • Ability to prosecute nobles (coercion) • Religion and the Peace of Augsburg (1555) • Ended political and religious unity in Europe • Multiple loyalties ended • Key elements of the modern state system were in place as of 1648 • A people • A territory • A government that acted as an agent of the state • Legal entity which possessed sovereignty

  7. Sovereignty • “special theoretical relationship between the state and all other states” • Internal sovereignty • A state represents and has complete control over people and territory under its gov’t • External sovereignty (external autonomy) • No authority exists to order the state how to act; no actor has the legitimate authority to tell a state what to do • Gives states equal legal status

  8. Defining “Nation-State” • To quote (page 49): • “While the exact meaning of the state is complex and subject to debate, we can summarize the core concept of the nation-state as developed here: the state is a legal abstraction with institutions (government) to control a territorial area and the people who reside in that territory. In the fully integrated nation-state, this control is aided by and dependent on the cement that holds the people together and give them a loyalty to that government and state: nationalism. The state’s growing control over its people and territory, [and] its freedom from having to answer to any higher external authority, culminated in the development of the concept of sovereignty.”

  9. Security Dilemma • In the absence of a universal sovereignty or government, steps that one state takes to increase its security have the perverse (and often untended) consequence of decreasing the security of other states.

  10. Some states more equal than others • Sovereignty only carries the principle of independence from outside authority • Many nat’s are subject to powerful unofficial forces, pressures, influencess • How nations differ in the amount of sovereignty wielded • Talents • Resources • Climate • Power and influence

  11. Non-State Actors • IGOs • Ex: UN • Tends to often behave with the authority of states • Permanent staff with permanent HQ • Primary loyalty? • Memebership – limited or not? (NATO vs UN) • Single Purpose • Common = military • General purpose • Military • Economic • Social cultural, etc • NGOs • Worldwide organizations • Not official representatives of governments • Increased from 134 in 1905 to 4,700 in 1986 • Generally perform low-level, specifically functioned tasks • Doctors w/o Borders • Red Cross • Red Crescent • Amnesty Int’l • Indivviduals

  12. Non-State Actors (Continued) • Multinational Corps. • At least 7,000 (2004) • Total subsidiaries = more than 26,000 • Can affect policies of host and foreign governments • Pricing and marketing strategies • Deeply involved in political processes of govt’s • Financing coups • Bribery

  13. Loyalty to State or Non-State? • The State • Has many advantages over other actors • Legal status of formal sover., demographic, economic, and military capabilities unmatched by other actors • Other Actors • They do exist! – therefore must be taken into serious account • Given attention by states and state policies • Can affect the “menu of constraints” of N-S’s and other international actors

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