Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen Huffman

1. Psychology in Action (8e)byKaren Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Module 19:Operant Conditioning Karen Huffman, Palomar College ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

2. Operant Conditioning: learning in which voluntary responses are controlled by their consequences Operant Conditioning ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

3. Thorndike’s Contribution Law of Effect: probability of an action being repeated is strengthened when followed by a pleasant or satisfying consequence Operant Conditioning (Continued) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

4. Operant Conditioning (Continued) • B. F. Skinner ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

5. Operant Conditioning’s Basic Principles • Reinforcement:strengthening a response ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

6. Primary Reinforcers: normally satisfy an unlearned biological need(e.g., food) Secondary Reinforcers: learnedvalue (e.g., money, praise) Operant Conditioning’s Basic Principles (Continued) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

7. Positive Reinforcement:adding (or presenting) a stimulus, which strengthens a response and makes it more likely to recur (e.g., praise) Operant Conditioning’s Basic Principles (Continued) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

8. Negative Reinforcement: taking away (or removing) a stimulus, which strengthens a response and makes it more likely to recur (e.g., headache removed after taking an aspirin) Operant Conditioning’s Basic Principles (Continued) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

9. Operant Conditioning’s Basic Principles (Continued) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

10. Operant Conditioning’s Basic Principles: Four Partial Schedules of Reinforcement 1. Fixed Ratio (FR):reinforcement occurs after a predetermined set of responses; the ratio (number or amount) is fixed 2. Variable Ratio (VR):reinforcement occurs unpredictably; the ratio (number or amount) varies ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

11. Operant Conditioning’s Basic Principles: Four Partial Schedules (Continued) 3. Fixed Interval (FI):reinforcement occurs after a predetermined time has elapsed; the interval (time) is fixed 4. Variable Interval (VI):reinforcement occurs unpredictably; the interval (time) varies ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

12. Operant Conditioning’s Basic Principles: Four Partial Schedules (Continued) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

13. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review • If you want to increase the overall number of responses, which schedule of reinforcement should you choose? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

14. Operant Conditioning’s Basic Principles (Continued) • Shaping: reinforcement is delivered after successive approximations of the desired response ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

15. Punishment:weakening a response Operant Conditioning’s Basic Principles (Continued) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

16. Positive Punishment:adding (or presenting) a stimulus that weakens a response and makes it less likely to recur (e.g., shouting) Operant Conditioning’s Basic Principles (Continued) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

17. Operant Conditioning’s Basic Principles (Continued) • Negative Punishment: taking away (or removing) a stimulus that weakens a response and makes it less likely to recur (e.g., restriction) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

18. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review • Using the chart on the following slide, can you fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

19. ??? ??? ??? ??? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

20. Judging by this woman’s expression, is she experiencing increased aggression, passive aggressiveness, avoidance behavior, modeling, temporary suppression, or learned helplessness? Side Effects of Punishment ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

21. Pause and Reflect: Check & Review • Briefly explain how classical conditioning differs from operant conditioning. • Give a personal example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

22. Using Conditioning and Learning Principles • Operant Conditioningcan be seen in: • Prejudice • Biofeedback • Superstitions ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

23. Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking • Has reading Chapter 6, or viewing these Power Point slides, changed your beliefs or attitudes about using punishment to control behavior? Why or why not? ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

24. Psychology in Action (8e)byKaren Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation End of Module 19: Operant Conditioning Karen Huffman, Palomar College ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)