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Marcus Garvey

Marcus Garvey . Who was he? What was his impact on the “New Negro” movement?. Marcus Garvey’s Rise. Garvey established the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in native Jamaica in 1914. Two years later, he introduced UNIA to NY

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Marcus Garvey

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  1. Marcus Garvey Who was he? What was his impact on the “New Negro” movement?

  2. Marcus Garvey’s Rise • Garvey established the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in native Jamaica in 1914. • Two years later, he introduced UNIA to NY • After WWI - UNIA gains wide popularity among African-Americans (particularly new migrants from South)

  3. Why was he so popular? • Garvey insisted “Black” stood for “strength and beauty, not inferiority”- asserted independence from “white society” • He expressed that only real solution for African-Americans was to go “Back to Africa”

  4. In what ways did he demonstrate his ideas? • He organized: “Universal African Legion”, Universal Black Cross Nurses, Universal African Motor Corporation, Black Eagle Flying Corps, Black Star Steamship Line, “Empire of Africa” (‘21) • He claimed 4M followers in 1920 (6M in 1923)

  5. Impact on “New Negro” Movement? • According to John Hope Franklin, “ though few Harlem authors would concede it,….he (Garvey) was one of the great energizers of the “New Negro Movement”. • NAACP and DuBois were critical - “bombastic and impractical”. Criticism was mutual - “NAACP wants us to become white”.

  6. Inglorious Ending? • Garvey was imprisoned in Atlanta for “Mail Fraud” in ‘23 - financing his Black Star Steamship Line • Pardoned by Pres. Coolidge in ‘27 • http://www.marcusgarvey.com/ • site

  7. Background Info - Charles S. Johnson • Born in Bristol, VA • Doctorate from Univ. of Chicago • Served in US Army in WWI (France) • Returned to study and report on Chicago Race Riot (1919) • Became director of National Urban League (NY) • Founded and edited - Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life (‘21) • Became President of Fisk University (‘46)

  8. Charles S. Johnson • What was his interpretation of the “New Negro”?

  9. Background Info - Alain Locke • Born in Philadelphia,PA - went to Central H.S. • Studied Philosophy and graduated from Harvard in 1902 • Became first black Rhodes Scholar at Oxford Univ. in England • Edited Survey Graphic (‘25) and The New Negro (‘25) • Strongly endorsed the Arts (Visual, Drama,etc.) • “Negro drama must grow in its own soil and cultivate its own intrinsic elements; only in this way can it become truly organic, and cease being a rootless derivative.”

  10. Alain Locke • What was his interpretation of the “New Negro”?

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